1. PARTICIPLES
Grammar review #5

2. SAME ROLE AS AN ADJECTIVE!!!
What is a participle?
participle = a form of a verb that functions as an adjective
SAME ROLE AS AN ADJECTIVE!!!
Answers  Which one?
Answers  What kind?

3. TYPES OF PARTICIPLES Always ends in “ing”
PRESENT PARTICIPLE
PAST PARTICIPLE
Always ends in “ing”
Squirming tapeworms are not digested in the intestines.
Usually ends in “ed”
My misguided accountant advised me to invest in socks.
Do not always end in “ed”!!!
Irregular verbs (shaken, broken, paid, etc.).
The badly shaken spiders scurried from the worn shoe.

4. BEWARE!!!!
Don’t confuse a participle with an actual verb. PARTICIPLE: In the snorting contest, Howie won first place, a brown nose. VERB: Howie is snorting like a pig.

5. We had recycled our discarded newspapers.
PRACTICE
We had recycled our discarded newspapers.

6. We were cold in the blistering wind.
PRACTICE
We were cold in the blistering wind.

7. The freezing lady put on her sweater.
PRACTICE
The freezing lady put on her sweater.

8. What is a participial phrase?
Participial phrase = a participle and the complements and modifiers that go along with it
SAME ROLE AS AN ADJECTIVE!!!
Answers  Which one?
Answers  What kind?

9. PARTICIPIAL PHRASES
Wearing a sheet with eyeholes, little Manfred went trick-or-treating as a mattress.
Hungry, desperate vegetarians marching in front of the capitol declared that cows are plants.
Wearing a long veil and a bikini, the bride shocked the wedding guests.

10. BEWARE!!!!
A participial phrase can come at beginning, middle, or end, BUT it needs to be close to the word or words it modifies! WRONG: Dressing in high heels and a tight black dress, Bubba escorted Edna into the theater. RIGHT: Bubba escorted Edna, dressed in high heels and a tight black dress, into the theater.

11. BEWARE!!!!
A participial phrase can come at beginning, middle, or end, BUT it needs to be close to the word or words it modifies! WRONG: Covered with fleas, my neighbor owns that stray cat. RIGHT: My neighbor owns that stray cat covered with fleas.

12. BEWARE!!!!
A participial phrase can come at beginning, middle, or end, BUT it needs to be close to the word or words it modifies! WRONG: Swimming in the aquarium, Peabody observed the octopus. RIGHT: Peabody observed the octopus swimming in the aquarium.

13. PUNCTUATION POINTER
If a participial phrase is essential, meaning it is necessary in order to identify the noun or pronoun it modifies, do NOT use commas. ESSENTIAL: The man clipping his toenails in the theater disturbed the audience.

14. PUNCTUATION POINTER
If a participial phrase is nonessential, meaning it is not necessary in order to identify the noun or pronoun it modifies, use commas. NONESSENTIAL: Izzy’s igloo, located in Antarctica, comes complete with shag carpet and ceiling fans.