1. 1 Multiple Use Water Services for the Poor Mary Renwick, Winrock International World Water Forum, Session 2.4.1 Istanbul, Turkey March 2009 Funding provided by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation Collaborators: IRC and IWMI

2. 2 Key Findings: Strategic investments in multiple-use services can cost-effectively maximize poverty impacts of water services while enhancing sustainability Potential clients: over 1 billion people Where: rural South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa How: New domestic multiple use services Upgrading service levels within existing domestic and irrigation systems Global MUS Assessment Study Goal: inform prospective water sector investments assess the potential of multiple-use water services to sustainably meet the water needs of the poor

3. 3 Multiple Use Services: Background Photo Credit: Ronald Loeve Photo credit: Ronald Rospigliosi Photo credit: Kande Matungulu Photo credit: Menno Houtstra Photo credit: Charles Batchelor Photo Credit: IRC Home Gardens Livestock Small-scale Enterprises Domestic uses of Irrigation Systems

4. 44 Study Goal: to help inform prospective investments in the water sector by assessing the potential of multiple-use water services to sustainably meet the water needs of the poor. Question 1: What are the incremental costs and benefits of multiple-use approaches over single-use approaches? Question 2: Where do multiple-use approaches apply and who are the main beneficiaries? Identify potential opportunity areas Assess incremental costs, benefits and poverty impacts Evaluate the potential market for multiple use water services Develop a framework for multiple use services defining service levels Methods Research Goal, Questions, and Methods

5. 5 Water Service Levels Defined No services Highest-level multiple use services Intermediate-level multiple use services Basic-level multiple use services Basic domestic / basic irrigation c most domestic and productive needs many domestic and productive needs limited domestic and productive needs single use – either domestic and irrigation Level 0 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4

6. 6 6 Determinants of water service levels DomesticMultiple UseIrrigation Quantity Quality Reliability Distance (physical, social and economic barriers to access) Reducing distance between water source and homestead to support productive uses Reducing distance to homestead, improving physical access to canals Making water availability more reliable to support non-irrigation uses Increasing water quantity to support productive uses Improving water quality to support domestic uses Water Service Levels Required to Support Multiple Uses

7. 7 Average additional per capita annual income benefits Basic level MUS Intermediate level MUS Highest level MUS $71 $10 The largest incremental gains in income are achieved at the intermediate service level. $61 $25 Basic Domestic No services $36 $25 Income Benefits by Service Level: Domestic For a family of 5, an additional $125-$350/year

8. 8 Health Food security and nutrition Diversifying livelihoods and reduced vulnerability Social equity and empowerment Poverty Impacts: Non Financial Benefits Photo credit: Umgeni Water

9. 9 Most rural poor have assets necessary to benefit to some extent Improved water services enhances productivity of these assets Communities with higher water service levels have more home gardens, livestock and small-scale enterprises Poverty Impacts: Key Findings Photo credit: IRC

10. 10 Basic level MUS Intermediate level MUS Highest level MUS $140 Basic Domestic No services 1.3 Cost BCR 3 - 8$56-105 Cost BCR $98 - 116.67 Cost BCR $63 - 91(neg) Costs and Benefits: New Domestic Services Per capita investment costs include software and hardware Benefit-cost ratios include: Full Investment costs Re-current annual costs (O&M, source protection and capital maintenance fund)

11. 11 Intermediate Level MUS CostAnnual net income BCRRepay- ment period Piped $105$423.430 mos Piped: Gravity-fed spring systems $56$517.813 mos

12. 12 Basic level MUS Intermediate level MUS Highest level MUS Basic Domestic No services Costs and Benefits: Upgrading Services

13. 13 Where: Mapping the potential market for multiple use services Incremental Costs & Benefits By Service Level & Technology Assess Economic Feasibility of Multiple Use Services Assess Potential Client Base Size, Location & Characteristics Potential Market Enabling Conditions Disaggregate Populations By Technology/Water Source For Water Service Levels Estimate Populations By Water Service Levels Map Socio-Economic Characteristics Using Available Data Opportunity action areas

14. 14 Estimated Rural Populations by Water Service Levels: South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa

15. 15 Example: Mapping Market for New Piped Domestic Multiple Use Services Sources: JMP, 2004. CIESIN, 2004.

16. 16 Sources: IWMI, GIAM, 2006. CIESIN, 2004. Example: Mapping Market for Upgrading Irrigation Systems to Support Multiple Use Services

17. 17 1.New piped multiple use services for currently unserved at the intermediate service level 137 million$56-$1053.4-7.813-30 2.Upgrading existing domestic piped systems to intermediate multiple uses service level 185 million$844.722 3.Boreholes with hand pumps : upgrading services to basic multiple use service level through communal add-ons to support multiple uses 280 million$255.412 4.Upgrading existing household hand- dug wells to the intermediate multiple use service level through well protection and improved lifting devices 74 million$39 - $1023.4-8.69-26 5.Upgrading existing irrigation systems to basic and intermediate service levels: communal add-ons, domestic storage and home water treatment 447 million$10 - $1102.9 - 273-24 Opportunity Action Area Market Capital investment costs (capita) Benefit- cost ratio Repay ment Period (months)

18. Potential for Multiple Uses Systems across livelihood zones 44 million households 220 million people 52% of rural population 3.3 billion USD 4% of total water investment potential

19. 19 Study conclusions Multiple use services cost more but generate greater income and poverty impacts and offer greater potential for sustainability Income generation… Above 20 lpcd, each additional lpcd generates $.5-$1 per year of income. Improving services from 20 to 100 lpcd translates into an additional $200-$400 for household of 5 The potential market for multiple use approaches is substantial (>1 billion)

20. 20 Conclusion THANK YOU! Interested in more information Mary Renwick (mrenwick@winrock.org) Report on the internet Multiple Use Water Services for the Poor: Assessing the State of Knowledge www.winrockwater.org