1. Chapter 18 APUSH Mrs. Price
“Great minds discuss ideas; average minds discuss events; small minds discuss people.” -Eleanor Roosevelt

2. Growth of the Cities 40% lived in cities by 1900; majority by 1920
Who came: rural residents, Southern blacks, immigrants
Problems: fires, disease, pollution, poverty, crime
Housing varied: mansions to tenements

3. Growth of the Cities

4. Housing Conditions

5. Dumbbell Tenements

7. Jacob Riis: How the Other Half Lives

8. Immigrants 10 million between 1860-1890; 18 million between 1890-1920
After 1880 came from southern & eastern Europe

11. Ethnic Communities Common in large cities Native language newspapers
Stores with native foods
Push to Americanize in schools, churches, jobs

12. Exclusion Efforts 1887: American Protective Association
- wanted to curb immigration
1894: Immigration Restriction League
- literacy tests to screen immigrants
Beginning in 1882 Congress barred entry to certain groups & taxed each person admitted

14. Political Machines Helped immigrants assimilate
Traded jobs & services for votes
Boss Tweed – NYC; headed Tammany Hall Machine

15. Effects of Political Machines
Corruption
Modernized city infrastructures
Expanded role of govt
Created stability

16. Rise of Mass Consumption
Incomes rose (but at uneven rate)
Development of a prosperous & influential middle class
Development of affordable products & new ways of selling

17. Ready Made Clothing
Canned food
Chain stores (Woolworths)
Mail Order Houses (Sears Roebuck & Montgomery Ward)
Department Stores (Marshall Fields, Macys)

18. Education Rapid expansion
By 1870: most states made grade school compulsory
Spread of public high schools (1880s-1900s)
Private Catholic schools grew due to immigration

19. Education cont. Illiteracy rates fell 1870: 20% 1900: 10.7%
Efforts to educate Native Americans failed due to problems with administration
Number of universities increased – land grant colleges

20. Educational Opportunities for Women
Allowed to attend public high schools
Creation of Women’s colleges (Mount Holyoke, Vassar, Wellesley, Smith, Bryn Mawr)

21. Leisure Working hours declined 1860: 70 hrs/wk 1900: under 60 hrs/wk
Amusement Parks (Coney Island)
Movie Theatres
Sporting Events
Concert Halls, Dance Halls, Vaudeville Houses

22. Coney Island, NY

23. Regent Theatre, NYC (1913)