1. Exploration and Empire

5. God, Glory, and Gold
Monarchies strong enough to pursue power
New inventions

6. Portuguese first Prince Henry the Navigator (1394-1460)
Started sailing south
Dias
Vasco da Gama
Tried to Destroy Muslim monopoly on spice trade
And Venice
Established holds in spice islands
Thanks to guns and better boats

7. Spanish Maritime Empire
Involved in exploration
Columbus
Magellan
Conquistadors
Cortes
Pizarro

9. Spanish Empire Governing the Empire Society Viceroyalties
Crown claimed 1/5 of all precious metals (quinto)
Discouraged native industries
Society
Peninsulares (born in Spain)
Creoles (Spanish, but born in New World)
Mestizo (mix of Spanish and Native)
Mulattoes (European and African descent)
Native American/African

10. Spanish Empire Encomienda system Brought religion
Conquistadors could demand labor from natives
Bartolome de las Casas
Brought religion
Catholic church established churches and dioceses
Jesuits
Established toe hold in Philippines

11. Challenges to Spain Pirates Inflation Lack of middle class
Privateers (Dutch, English, French)
Inflation
Lack of middle class

12. Establishment of Empires
Mercantilism
One country’s wealth can only be increased at the expense of another’s
Export more than you import
Monarchs and merchants are closely tied

13. Portugal Began to dominate Indian Ocean Trade
Da Gama
Brazil discovered by mistake in 1500
Named after brazil wood (dyes)
Needed laborers
Slaves
Later, the Portuguese turned to sugar
More slaves

15. Portuguese empire will be challenged
Disease, shipwreck, battles
Portugal too small; empire too large

16. English Empire Challenge Portugal in India British East India Company
1608 Landed in India
(Dutch will challenge in East Indies as well)

17. England will establish sugar plantations in the Caribbean
Jamaica, Bahamas
American colonies (1607)
Will join and dominate slave trade

18. French Empire Canada – New France Islands in Caribbean (Haiti)
Traded fur
Islands in Caribbean (Haiti)
Sugar plantations

19. Indian Ocean Trade (After 1500)
Portuguese first
English

20. Russia

21. The Mongols an INVADING force, not a RULING force.
Russian princes in charge of local affairs, but had to acknowledge Mongols as their overlords and pay heavy tribute.
Mongol Rule
Tolerated religion
Taught them what absolute rule was.
Taught them to centralize power
Cut them off from the rest of Europe

22. Moscow (1200) became powerful under Golden Horde
Russian Orthodox Church
Ivan I and Ivan III led rebellions against Mongols
Ivan III (the Great) conquered most of the Golden Horde
Called himself Czar
Framework for Absolute leadership
Much of Northern Russia conquered

23. Ivan the Terrible Grandson of Ivan the Great 1547-1584
Further United Russia
Established absolute rule
Limited power of nobles
Officially crowned tsar (Czar)
Further bound serfs to their land
Used Russain orthodox church
Married daughter of last emperor of Byzantines (Anastasia)

24. Ivan the Terrible Became mad (after 1560) Autocracy Killed his own son
Agents of terror (oprichniki) to enforce his will
They sacked towns and killed people suspected as disloyal
Killed boyars
Many fled (joined Cossacks)
Autocracy

25. Common people believed autocratic government the only way
But they will hit trouble when there is no powerful tsar
Romanov Dynasty ( )
After time of troubles Michael Romanov elected leader
Continued expansion

26. Peter the Great Expanded Reformed (weakened) Russian Orthodox Church
Modernized
(In his case, this meant westernize)

27. Peter the Great Forced boyars (nobles) to serve the state
Shave their beards; wear western clothes
Forced public interaction between genders
Protected their interests
Ensured serfs were bound to their land

28. Western ideas flow into Russia for the first time
Consequences?

29. Absolute Ruler
In an absolutist state, kings asserted that they were chosen by God and responsible to him alone
Exclusive power to make and enforce laws
No checks on power