1. Logical Fallacies
English III

2. Logical Fallacies A fallacy is an error in reasoning.
Even though these fallacies are flaws in an argument, they still happen everywhere (and can be extremely manipulative and effective!)
Logical Fallacies

3. Ad Hominem Attacking the individual instead of the argument
Ad Hominem

4. Telling the audience that something bad will happen to them if they do not accept the argument
Appeal to Force

5. Urging the audience to accept the argument based upon an appeal to emotions, sympathy, etc.
Appeal to Pity

6. Appeal to the Popular (Bandwagon)
Urging the audience to accept a position because a majority of people hold to it
Appeal to the Popular (Bandwagon)

7. Trying to get someone to accept something because it has been done or believed for a long time
Appeal to Tradition

8. Begging the Question (Circular Argument)
Assuming the thing to be true that you are trying to prove
Begging the Question (Circular Argument)

9. Assuming that the effect is related to a cause because the events occur together.
Correlation does not equal causation!
Cause and Effect

10. Assuming that what is true of the whole is true for the parts
Fallacy of Division

11. Fallacy of Equivocation
Using the same term in an argument in different places but the word has different meanings.
Fallacy of Equivocation

12. Giving two choices when in actuality there could be more choices possible
False Dilemma

13. Rejecting an argument or claim because the person proposing it likes someone whom is disliked by another
Guilt by Association

14. Comments or information that do not logically follow from a premise or the conclusion
If A is true, then B is true. A is false. Therefore B is false.
Non Sequitur

15. Presenting negative information about a person before he/she speaks so as to discredit the person's argument
Poisoning the Well

16. Red Herring Introducing a topic not related to the subject at hand
Red Herring

17. Special Pleading (double standard)
Applying a standard to another that is different from a standard applied to oneself
Special Pleading (double standard)

18. Substituting a person’s actual position or argument with a distorted, exaggerated, or misrepresented version of the position
Straw Man Argument