1. Political Parties, Candidates, and Campaigns: Defining the Voter’s Choice
Chapter 8

2. Party Competition and Majority Rule: The History of U.S. Parties
The first parties
Federalists
Republicans
Republicans transform into Democrats
Andrew Jackson and grassroots parties
Dependent upon voter support
Democrats versus Whigs

3. 236 fig 8-1

4. Party Competition and Majority Rule: The History of U.S. Parties
Republicans versus Democrats: realignments and the enduring party system
Enduring two-party system since Civil War
Partisan realignments during crises

5. Party Competition and Majority Rule: The History of U.S. Parties
Republicans versus Democrats: realignments and the enduring party system
Realignment: three basic elements
Divisive issues—disruption of existing political order
Election—voters shift support strongly toward one party
Enduring change in party coalitions to favor dominant party

6. Party Competition and Majority Rule: The History of U.S. Parties
Republicans versus Democrats: realignments and the enduring party system
History of realignments:
Civil War—Republicans gain control
1896—Republicans solidify control
1932—Democrats gain control

7. Party Competition and Majority Rule: The History of U.S. Parties
The nature and origins of today’s party alignment
Republicans
Dominant in South
Controlled presidency twice more than Democrats since 1968
Controlled both houses of Congress a third of the time since 1968
Missteps of Nixon and George W. Bush weakened power

8. Party Competition and Majority Rule: The History of U.S. Parties
The nature and origins of today’s party alignment
Democrats
Dominant in Northeast
Civil rights stance caused loss of power in South
Less dominant party since 1968
Analysts divided on which party will have greater power going forward

9. Voting in the 2012 Presidential Election by Strength of Party Identification
242 fig 8-2

10. Party Competition and Majority Rule: The History of U.S. Parties
Parties and the vote
Strength of party identification
Rarity of true independents
Straight-ticket and split-ticket voting

11. Percentage who Split Ticket
243

12. Electoral and Party Systems
Plurality (single-member-district) system of election
Contrast with multiparty system and proportional representation
Encourages two-party system
Politics and coalitions in the two-party system
Seeking the center: median voter theorem
Party coalitions
Broad and overlapping, but far from identical
Gender gap

13. 248 fig 8-3

14. Party Identification Among Hispanic Registered Voters
250 fig 8-4

15. Electoral and Party Systems
Minor (third) parties
Single-issue parties
Greenback Party
Factional parties
Bull Moose Party, 1912
Ideological parties
Green Party, 2000
Reform parties
Reform Party, 1992

16. Party Organizations The weakening of party organizations Nominations
Loss of party control to candidates
Primary election/direct primary
Hinders strong party organizations
Loss of party power over patronage

17. Party Organizations The structure and role of party organizations
Local party organizations
Where 95% of party activists are
State party organizations
Central committee
Chairperson
Concentrate on statewide races

18. Party Organizations The structure and role of party organizations
National party organizations
Structure of the national parties
Run training programs for candidates and their staffs
Runs presidential nomination conventions
Major role in campaigns is raising and spending of money

19. National Party Fundraising, 2003-2014
258 fig 8-5

20. The Candidate-Centered Campaign
Campaign funds: the money chase
Organization and strategy: political consultants
Campaign strategists
Pollsters
Media producers
Fundraising experts
Packaging: highlight aspects of candidate’s positions and background thought to be attractive to voters

21. The Candidate-Centered Campaign
Voter contacts: pitched battles
Air wars
Main battleground: advertising through media
Ground wars
Web wars
In retrospect: the consequences of the last war
Prospective voting
Retrospective voting

22. Presidential Campaign Spending, 2012
261 fig 8-6

23. Parties, Candidates, and the Public’s Influence
Stronger relationships between voters and representatives
Weaker relationships between voters and representative institutions
Candidate-centered campaigns add flexibility
Candidate-centered campaigns decrease accountability