1. Financial Management: Theory and Practice 14e
Brigham & Ehrhardt
Financial Management:
Theory and Practice 14e

2. Hybrid Financing: Preferred Stock, Warrants, and Convertibles
CHAPTER 20
Hybrid Financing: Preferred Stock, Warrants, and Convertibles

3. Topics in Chapter Types of hybrid securities Features and risk
Preferred stock
Warrants
Convertibles
Features and risk
Cost of capital to issuers

4. How does preferred stock differ from common stock and debt?
Preferred dividends are specified by contract, but they may be omitted without placing the firm in default.
Most preferred stocks prohibit the firm from paying common dividends when the preferred is in arrears.
Usually cumulative up to a limit.
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5. How does preferred stock differ from common stock and debt?
Some preferred stock is perpetual, but most new issues have sinking fund or call provisions which limit maturities.
Preferred stock has no voting rights, but may require companies to place preferred stockholders on the board (sometimes a majority) if the dividend is passed.
Is preferred stock closer to debt or common stock? What is its risk to investors? To issuers?

6. Advantages and Disadvantages of Preferred Stock
Dividend obligation not contractual
Avoids dilution of common stock
Avoids large repayment of principal
Disadvantages
Preferred dividends not tax deductible, so typically costs more than debt
Increases financial leverage, and hence the firm’s cost of common equity

7. Floating Rate Preferred
Dividends are indexed to the rate on treasury securities instead of being fixed.
Excellent S-T corporate investment:
Only 30% of dividends are taxable to corporations.
The floating rate generally keeps issue trading near par.

8. Floating Rate Preferred
However, if the issuer is risky, the floating rate preferred stock may have too much price instability for the liquid asset portfolios of many corporate investors.

9. How can a knowledge of call options help one understand warrants and convertibles?
A warrant is a long-term call option.
A convertible consists of a fixed rate bond (or preferred stock) plus the option to convert the bond into stock.

10. Bond With Warrants Consider a 20-year bond with 27 warrants.
Each warrant has a strike price (also called an exercise price) of $25 and 10 years until expiration.
Each warrant’s value is estimated to be $5.
rd of 20-year annual payment bond without warrants = 10%.
What coupon rate must be set on the bond with warrants to make the total package sell for $1,000?

11. Step 1: Calculate the value of the straight bond, VBond
VPackage = VBond + VWarrants = $1,000.
VWarrants = 27($5) = $135.
VBond + $135 = $1,000
VBond = $865.

12. Step 2: Find Coupon Payment and Rate
PMT PV
I/YR N FV
Solve for payment = ≈ 84
Therefore, the required coupon rate is $84/$1,000 = 8.4%.

13. When would you expect the warrants to be exercised?
Generally, a warrant will sell in the open market at a premium above its exercise value (it would never sell for less).
Therefore, warrants tend not to be exercised until just before expiration.
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14. Stepped-Up Strike Price
In a stepped-up strike price (also called a stepped-up exercise price), the strike price increases in steps over the warrant’s life. Because the value of the warrant falls when the strike price is increased, step-up provisions encourage in-the-money warrant holders to exercise just prior to the step-up.
Since no dividends are earned on the warrant, holders will tend to exercise voluntarily if a stock’s payout ratio rises enough.

15. Will the warrants bring in additional capital when exercised?
When exercised, each warrant will bring in an amount equal to the strike price, $25.
This is equity capital and holders will receive one share of common stock per warrant.
The strike price is typically set some 20% to 30% above the current stock price when the warrants are issued.

16. The firm will receive cash when the warrants are exercised.
Data:
Number of warrants/bond = 27
Number of bonds = 100,000
Strike price = $25
Cash = (Number of warrants/bond) x (Number of bonds) x (Strike price)
Cash = 27 x 100,000 x $25
Cash = $67,500,000

17. Shares before exercise = 20 million.
How many shares of stock will be outstanding after the warrants are exercised (there are 20 million shares at Year 0)
Shares before exercise = 20 million.
New shares = (Number of warrants/bond) x (Number of bonds)
New shares = 27 x 0.1 million
New shares = 2.7 million
Shares at Year 10 =
Shares at Year 10 = 22.7 million

18. Because bonds with warrants have a lower coupon rate, should all debt be issued with warrants?
No. As we shall see, the warrants have a high required return, which drives up the bond-with-warrants package’s true cost of capital.

19. Estimating the Cost of Capital for the Bond with Warrants, rBwW
Estimate the percentages of the “package” that are due to straight debt and warrants.
Estimate the required rates of return on the straight debt and warrants.
Find rBwW as the weighted combination of the expected returns on straight debt and warrants.

20. Estimate the cost of straight debt (rd).
The cost of debt is the rate on nonconvertible debt: rd = 10%.

21. Estimate the cost of warrants (rw).
The exact solution is very complex, but we can get an approximate solution that works well.
We know the cost of the warrants, so we need to estimate the expected payoff in 10 years.
Therefore, we need an estimate of the stock price in 10 years.

22. Apply Intrinsic Valuation Model at Year 10
The inputs to the model are shown to the right. Each of these must be estimated before the intrinsic price can be estimated.
Vop,10
+ ST Inv.
VTotal
− Debt S ÷n
P10

23. The Value of Operations at Year 10
The value of operations (currently Vop,0 = $500 million) is expected to grow at a rate of 8% per year.
Vop,10 = Vop,0 (1+g)10
Vop,10 = $500 (1+0.08)10
Vop,10 = $1, million

24. Short-Term Investments at Year 10
The firm will receive cash when the warrants are exercised, as calculated previously:
Cash = $67.5 million

25. Total Bond Value at Year 10
For each bond:
N = 10; I/YR = 10; PMT = 84; FV = 1000
Solve for PV = −$
The total value of debt is:
Debt = (# of bonds) x (Price per bond)
Debt = (0.1 million) x ($ )
Debt = $ million

26. Apply Intrinsic Valuation Model at Year 10
Vop,10
$1,079.46
+ ST Inv.
67.50
VTotal
$1,146.96
− Debt
90.17 S
$1,056.79 ÷n
22.70 P
$46.55

27. Net Payoff to Warrant-Holder at Exercise
For each warrant:
+$46.55 for value of each share
−$25.00 paid to exercise warrant
net payoff per warrant
For each bond:
Payoff = (Payoff/warrant) x (Warrants/Bond)
Payoff = ($21.55) x (27)
Payoff = $581.85

28. Expected Rate of Return to Warrant-Holder
Pay initial value of warrants in bond and receive net payoff at exercise:
N = 10; PV = −135; PMT = 0; FV = $581.85
Solve for I/YR = rw = 15.73%

29. Expected Rate of Return to Bond with Warrants, rBwW
rBwW = (% straight debt)x(rd) + (%_warrants)x(rw)
rBwW = ($865/$1,000)x(10%) + ($135/$1,000)x(15.73%)
rBwW = 10.77%

30. Comparing Component Costs (Assume rs = 13.4%)
Rank by risk:
Str bnd < Bnd w Wnts < Stock < Wnts
Expected returns should have same rank:
rd < rBwW < rs < rw
10% < 10.77% < 13.4% < 15.73%
Note that cost of bond with warrants is much greater than its coupon of 8.4%.

31. After-Tax Cost of Bonds with Warrants (T = 40%)
Because the bond was issued at a discount ($865 and not $1,000), the after-tax cost of debt is not rd(1-T).
Find bond yield using its after-tax payments: N = 20, PMT = $84(1-0.4) = $50.4, PV = -$865, FV = $1,000; solve for I/YR = AT rd = 6.24%.
There is no tax implication to the warrant exercise.

32. Expected After-Tax Cost of Bond with Warrants, rBwW
AT rBwW = ($865/$1,000)x(6.24%) + ($135/$1,000)x(15.73%)
AT rBwW = 7.52%

33. Some Caveats rw and rWwB are just approximations.
These approximations work well in most cases where there is a long time until expiration.
Financial engineering models are required to provide exact solutions.

34. Assume the following convertible bond data:
20-year, 8.5% annual coupon, callable convertible bond will sell at its $1,000 par value; straight debt issue would require a 10% coupon.
Call protection = 5 years and call price = $1,100. Call the bonds when conversion value > $1,200, but the call must occur on the issue date anniversary.
P0 = $20; rs = 13.4%; g = 8%.
Conversion ratio = CR = 40 shares.

35. What conversion price (Pc) is built into the bond?
Par value
# Shares received =
$1,000 40
= $25 .
The conversion price is typically set 20%-30% above the stock price on the issue date.

36. What is (1) the convertible’s straight debt value and (2) the implied value of the convertibility feature? PV FV
Solution:
I/YR
PMT N
Straight debt value:

37. Implied Convertibility Value
Because the convertibles will sell for $1,000, the implied value of the convertibility feature is: $1,000 - $ = $
The convertibility value corresponds to the warrant value in the previous example.

38. What is the formula for the bond’s expected conversion value in any year?
Conversion value = CVt = CR(P0)(1 + g)t.
For t = 0:
CV0 = 40($20)(1.08)0 = $800.
For t = 10:
CV10 = 40($20)(1.08)10
= $1,

39. What is meant by the floor value of a convertible
What is meant by the floor value of a convertible? What is the floor value at t = 0?
The floor value is the higher of the straight debt value and the conversion value.
Straight debt value0 = $
CV0 = $800.
Floor value at Year 0 = $

40. What is the floor value at t = 10?
Straight debt value10 = $
CV10 = $1,
Floor value10 = $1,
A convertible will generally sell above its floor value prior to maturity because convertibility constitutes a call option that has value.

41. 8 -800 0 1200 N I/YR PV PMT FV Solution: n = 5.27
If the firm intends to force conversion on the first anniversary date after CV >$1,200, when is the issue expected to be called? N
I/YR PV
PMT FV
Solution: n = 5.27
Bond would be called at t = 6 since
call must occur on anniversary date.

42. What is the convertible’s expected return to the investor? 1,
-1,269.50
-1,354.50
CV6 = 40($20)(1.08)6 = $1,
N = 6, PV = 1000, PMT = −85, FV = −1,269.50; solve for I/YR = 11.8%.

43. Does the cost of the convertible appear to be consistent with the costs of debt and equity?
For consistency, need:
rd < rc < rs.
Why?
In this example:
10% < 11.8% < 13.4%

44. Find the after-tax cost of the convertibles using the after-tax coupon payment. 1,
-1,269.50
-1,320.50
INT(1 - T) = $85(0.6) = $51.
With a calculator, N = 6, PV = 1000, PMT = −51, FV = −1269.5:
rc (AT) = I/YR = 8.71%.

45. WACC Effects
Assume the firm’s tax rate is 40% and its capital structure consists of 50% straight debt and 50% equity. Now suppose the firm is considering either:
(1) issuing convertibles, or
(2) issuing bonds with warrants.
Its new target capital structure will have 40% straight debt, 40% common equity and 20% convertibles or bonds with warrants. What effect will the two financing alternatives have on the firm’s WACC?

46. WACC Effects Some notes:
We have assumed that rs is not affected by the addition of convertible debt.
In practice, most convertibles are subordinated to the other debt, which muddies our assumption of rd = 10% when convertibles are used.
When the convertible is converted, the debt ratio would decrease and the firm’s financial risk would decline.

47. Besides cost, what other factors should be considered?
The firm’s future needs for equity capital:
Exercise of warrants brings in new equity capital.
Convertible conversion brings in no new funds.
In either case, new lower debt ratio can support more financial leverage.
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48. Besides cost, what other factors should be considered?
Does the firm want to commit to 20 years of debt?
Convertible conversion removes debt, while the exercise of warrants does not.
If stock price does not rise over time, then neither warrants nor convertibles would be exercised. Debt would remain outstanding.

49. Recap the differences between warrants and convertibles.
Warrants bring in new capital, while convertibles do not.
Most convertibles are callable, while warrants are not.
Warrants typically have shorter maturities than convertibles, and expire before the accompanying debt.
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50. Recap the differences between warrants and convertibles.
Warrants usually provide for fewer common shares than do convertibles.
Bonds with warrants typically have much higher flotation costs than do convertible issues.
Bonds with warrants are often used by small start-up firms. Why?

51. How do convertibles help minimize agency costs?
Agency costs due to conflicts between shareholders and bondholders
Asset substitution (or bait-and-switch). Firm issues low cost straight debt, then invests in risky projects
Bondholders suspect this, so they charge high interest rates
Convertible debt allows bondholders to share in upside potential, so it has low rate.

52. Agency Costs Between Current Shareholders and New Shareholders
Information asymmetry: company knows its future prospects better than outside investors
Outside investors think company will issue new stock only if future prospects are not as good as market anticipates
Issuing new stock send negative signal to market, causing stock price to fall

53. Agency Costs Between Current Shareholders and New Shareholders
Company with good future prospects can issue stock “through the back door” by issuing convertible bonds
Avoids negative signal of issuing stock directly
Since prospects are good, bonds will likely be converted into equity, which is what the company wants to issue