1. Geographers call models a ‘simplification of reality’
Geographical models
What is a model?
Geographers call models a ‘simplification of reality’

3. Burgess’s Concentric Model
CBD
Central Business District 22
2222
Wholesale light manufacturing
Low class residential(old inner city area
High-class residential (modern suburbs)
Medium-class residential

4. Concentric zone model Burgess 1920’s
Views the urban area as a set of five nested rings:
1- CBD
2 – transition zone: deterioration of old residential area, now high-density, low-income ghettos.
3 – zone of “working people” residential area (older homes on small lots.
4 – residential zone: population wealthy enough to afford housing choice, and able to commute.
5 – commuter zone: low-density suburbs.

5. Modeling Cities:Burgess
1 CBD - businesses, highest land value 2 Transition Zone - poorest people, blue collar used to live here 3 Independent Workers - apartments, blue collar workers (walk to work) 4 White Collar Homes - horse and buggy, streetcars 5 Commuters - no daily contact (lettuce farmers); later trains allow many

6. Hoyt – The Sector Model

7. What is the Hoyt sector model?
Hoyt proposed the idea that towns grew as sectors or wedges.
Industry grew up in one part of a 19th century town, future industries would then develop in that sector.
As the town grew, so would the area of industry and therefore would grow out in a wedge shape.

10. Modeling Cities: Hoyt
Stresses the importance of transportation corridors. Sees growth of various urban activities as expanding along roads, rivers, or train routes.

11. Description:
Models:
Burgess:
Based on a study of land-use in Chicago. Burgess suggests that cities grow outwards from the CBD in a series of concentric rings of land-use. The oldest part of the city is at the centre & the newest part on the edge. The quality and size of housing increases with distance from the CBD and the density decreases, although the height of buildings tends to be greatest close to the Central Area, where land-values are high and space is at a premium.

12. Hoyt:
Hoyt's model modified that of Burgess following the development of public transport. His model, also known as the Sector Model, suggests that transport and physical features were important, with industrial areas developing outwards in sectors along main transport routes (roads, rivers and canals) and housing growing up around these.

13. Actions for improvement
Make a table like the one below and discuss with your partner how to fill it in
Burgess
Hoyt
Positives
Negatives
Actions for improvement

14. Homework What are the positive and negative points of the models?
How do these models compare to the place where you live?
Can you see changes in the land use in your area?
What are the positive and negative points of the models?