1. Plant Reproduction & Breeding
Topic 3
Plant Reproduction & Breeding

2. Introduction: Selective Breeding
Early humans were hunter-gatherers.
Collected plants they needed from the wild
Domesticated plants
Used selective breeding to choose characteristics from certain plants that they wanted.
Originally corn was called Teosinte
A small grass, but farmers selectively bred the ones they wanted until they were the only ones that existed when they reproduced.
Corn

3. Breeding: Genetics
You once started off as a single cell, with chromosomes from your parents.
Those chromosomes hold your genes which are made from DNA.
That DNA determines what characteristics you will have. *Monster

5. Breeding: Sweetheart Cherries
Sweetheart cherries are bred so their skin will not break and they have strong stems
Why do you think they were selectively bred this way?

6. Breeding: New Genes Canola comes from the word, Canadian and Oil.
Canola was selectively bred from rapeseed.
The new variety had good tasting oils.

7. Breeding: New Genes
Farmers have had issues growing canola, especially dealing with disease, drought, and pests.
In order to make canola more profitable scientists have genetically engineered canola.
Scientists have taken the genes from one organism and put it into another.

8. Breeding: New Genes
Scientists discovered a beetle that had no predators
They revealed that it produced a toxin that kept other insects away.
Scientists discovered what gene produced that toxin and inserted it into a canola seed.
The Canola was then able to produce that toxin, and pesticides would not be needed.

9. Reproduction Plants reproduce 2 ways
Asexual reproduction- from 1 parent
Sexual reproduction- from 2 parents

10. Reproduction: Asexual
Also called Vegetative reproduction involves a single plant reproducing by itself.
The offspring of vegetative reproduction has the exact same genes as the parent it came from – like a clone

11. Reproduction: Asexual
Branches of certain plants, can be bent to the ground, buried and it will grow into a new plant
This process is called layering,.
This new plant can be cut and replanted.
Layering Tomatoes

12. Reproduction: Asexual
Grafting- take a branch from one tree and attach it to another.
The branch will be grown on the new tree.
This can be cut away and grown into a new plant.
Even small sections of a leaf and stem can be cut and grown into a new plant.
Means more $ for fruit growers.

13. Reproduction: Asexual
Cuttings
A piece is cut from a plant and put in water or soil to grow a new plant.

14. Reproduction: Sexual Involves 2 parent plants
Requires sperm from one to pollinate the eggs of another plant
This produces a seed
The seed will germinate into a plant with genes from each parent plant

15. Sexual Reproduction: Cones
Conifers have both male and female cones.
The male cone carries pollen or sperm
The female carries the ovule or egg

16. Sexual Reproduction: Cones
Wind carries pollen from the male cone to the female cone.
When a pollen grain is carried between the scales of the female cone, it gets caught in a sticky fluid.

17. Sexual Reproduction: Cones
A pollen tube then grows from the pollen grain to the ovule a sperm swims to the egg.
The egg becomes fertilized.
A tiny seed will begin to grow.

18. Sexual Reproduction: Cones
Female cones mature and open, releasing their seeds during the fall or winter months.
It can take up 2 years for seeds to be released by a cone
The seeds, in right conditions will grow into seedlings.

19. Sexual Reproduction: Flowers
Flowering plants use their flowers to reproduce.
They are often bright colored to attract insects to carry their pollen from plant to plant while feeding on nectar.
Flower Parts

20. Flowers: Male and Female
Plants contain both a male and female part inside their flower.
MALE is the staMEN
Female is the pistil.

21. Flowers: StaMEN There are two parts of the STAMEN
Anther- produces and ejects the pollen
Filament- supports the anther

22. Flowers: Pistil (rhymes with Crystal)
Pistil has 4 main parts
Stigma- sticky and traps pollen
Style- stalk that supports the stigma.
3. Ovary- fleshy part that holds the ovules
4. Ovules- hold the eggs.

24. Flowers: Pollination Sometimes plants pollinate themselves.
Other times animals like bees, water, and wind carry the pollen from plants to plants.
Called cross pollination.
Bees are excellent pollinators because their hair traps the pollen.
Artificial pollination can happen when a farmer selects which plants to pollinate.
Pollination

25. Flowers: Pollination

26. Parts of the seed From flower to fruit Time Lapse Pear
Time Lapse Dragon Fruit
The seed coat protects the seed as it develops
The embryo is the baby plant that will grow into a seedling
The cotyledon is what the embryo uses to grow until it takes root
Seed Dispersal
Exploding Plants

27. Animals
Animals also disperse seeds by brushing up against plants and then walking away and the seeds fall onto new soil.

28. Germination
Once the seed has landed in favorable conditions it will germinate into a new plant.
Germination is the process of a seed growing into a seedling

29. Topic 4 Meeting the Needs for Food and Fibre
Complete the pages in your workbook