1. KINGDOMS OF LIFE
Taxonomy

2. C17 Learning Targets Evolution underlies the classification of life’s diversity.
C17.1 The History of Classification 17.1 – Biologists use a system of classification to organize information about the diversity of living things.

3. TAXONOMY: the science of classification
Classification- the grouping of objects or information based on similarities.

4. ARISTOTLE (384-322 B.C.) First taxonomist (“Father of Classification”)
“Mine is the first step and therefore a small one, though worked out with much thought and hard labor. You, my readers or hearers of my lectures, if you think I have done as much as can fairly be expected of an initial start … will acknowledge what I have achieved and will pardon what I have left for others to accomplish.”

5. Aristotle created: TWO KINGDOMS
PLANTS
ANIMALS
Trees
Shrubs
Herbs
In Water
In the Air
On Land

6. Carolus Linnaeus / Carl von Linne` The Father of Modern Taxonomy

7. Classification of Life
Modern Taxonomy
Classification of Life

8. BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE
Two word naming system
Genus - first word
Species - second word
Describes a characteristic of the organism
Latin is the language used (some Greek)
(Also called “Linneaus’s system”)

9. LEVELS OF CLASSIFICATION:
KINGDOM
PHYLUM
CLASS
0RDER
FAMILY
GENUS SPECIES
“Species”: organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring

10. C17.1 Objective Review Questions
1. Compare Aristotle’s and Linnaeus’s methods of classifying organisms.
2. Explain how to write a scientific name using binomial nomenclature.
3. Summarize the categories used in biological classification.

11. C17.2 Modern Classification
Classification systems have changed over time as information has increased.

12. HOW ORGANISMS ARE CLASSIFIED:
STRUCTURAL SIMILARITIES
BREEDING BEHAVIOR
GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION
CHROMOSOME COMPARISONS
BIOCHEMISTRY SIMILAR DNA
PHYLOGENY
Evolutionary Tree
PHYLOGENY - EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY
CLADISTICS - INHERITED TRAITS FROM ANCESTORS
CLADISTICS
The Cladistic Method
Cladograms
MODE OF NUTRITION
PROKARYOTEOR EUKARYOTE

13. Theory of Evolution: the change in populations over time Charles Darwin (1809 – 1882)
Proposed that species changed over time by natural selection
Natural selection – organisms with traits suited to their environment survive and reproduce at a greater rate than others less suited
Homologous structures – similar structures of common ancestors
Research was conducted on the Galapagos Islands

14. The Three Domains of Life
17.3 Domains and Kingdoms
The most widely used biological classification system has six kingdoms within three domains.
The Three Domains of Life

15. THE SIX KINGDOMS OF LIFE
PLANTS
ANIMALS
FUNGI
PROTISTS
EUBACTERIA
ARCHAEBACTERIA

16. KINGDOM PLANTAE Multicellular Eukaryotes Autotrophs/ photosynthesis
Cell walls (made of cellulose)
Sexual reproduction (most) by seeds or spores
Found on all types of land

17. KINGDOM ANIMALIA Multicellular Eukaryotes Ingestive heterotrophs
Cell membranes
Specialized cells
Sexual reproduction (most) by eggs & sperm
Found everywhere

18. KINGDOM FUNGI Multicellular (most) Eukaryotes
Absorptive heterotrophs (extracellular digestion)
Cell walls (made of chitin)
Sexual and/or asexual reproduction – by spores
Found in damp, dark environments

19. KINGDOM PROTISTA Unicellular or multicellular Eukaryotes
Heterotrophs (protozoans) and/or autotrophs (algae)
Plantlike (algae), animal-like (protozoans) or funguslike
Sexual and/or asexual reproduction
Found in aquatic habitats

20. KINGDOM ARCHAEBACTERIA
Unicellular
Prokaryotes
Cell walls
Reproduce asexually
(binary fission) and/or
sexually (conjugation)
Live in extreme habitats:
1. Oxygen-free (Methanogens)
2. Salty brines (Halophiles)
3. Hot, acidic H20 (Acidophiles)

21. KINGDOM EUBACTERIA Unicellular Prokaryotes Cell walls
Binary fission and/or conjugation
Some are:
1. Parasites
2. Saprophytes (saprobes)
3. Autotrophs
Live everywhere

22. C17.3 Objective Review Questions
1. Compare the major characteristics of the three domains.
2. Explain four of the characteristics used to organize organisms into the six kingdoms.

23. THE END!