1. An Age of Explorations and Isolation
Chapter 3

2. In the 1400’s, Europeans begin to explore more than they had
We’ll explore why they decided to explore more
Explorations

3. Seeking Greater Wealth
The primary reason for European exploration
Europeans wanted to continue spice trade after crusades
The public got a taste for nutmeg, ginger, cinnamon, etc.
The Italians and Muslims controlled the trade route.
Seeking Greater Wealth

4. Muslim merchants would sell the spices to Italian merchants
Italian merchants would trade with other European merchants at a high price, cutting into the profits of other Europeans
Trade Route

5. European royalty wanted the spices but didn’t want to pay the crazy prices
Began looking for a sea route to Asia
Monarchs

6. The Spread of Christianity
A second reason for European exploration was to spread Christianity
Crusades left harsh feelings between Christians and Muslims
Some nations believed they had a duty to convert non- Christians and fight Muslims
The Spread of Christianity

7. Technology A new type of ship called a caravel was designed
The triangular sails allowed for a ship to sail against the wind
Technology

8. The Portuguese

9. Took the lead in overseas exploration because the government supported them.
Prince Henry
First wanted to explore when he helped conquer the Muslim city of Ceuta
Portuguese Explore

10. What was Henry Looking for?
Pepper, Cinnamon, Cloves
Gold, Silver, Jewels
Spread Christianity
What was Henry Looking for?

11. Learning to Sail In 1419, Prince Henry founded a navigation school
Mapmaking, instrument making, shipbuilding, sciences and sailing
Learning to Sail

12. Dias In 1487, Bartolomeu Dias traveled down the coast of Africa
A storm had blown his ships to the other side of the tip of Africa
Explored a little longer before he turned back
Dias

13. In 1498, Vasco da Gama traveled from Portugal to India around the coast of Africa

14. Portugal Builds an Empire
In 1509, Portugal extended control of the area by defeating a Muslim fleet off the cost of India
In 1510, they captured the city of Goa and made it capital of their trading empire
Portugal Builds an Empire

15. Building an Empire, Cont’d
In 1511, The Portuguese fleet attacked Malacca in the East Indies
Gave the Portuguese control of the Spice Islands
Building an Empire, Cont’d

16. The Spanish

17. 1492 Italian sailor Christopher Columbus convinced King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella to finance a voyage
Believed he had reached Asia
Caused more tension between Portugal and Spain because Portugal might have already claimed where he landed
Columbus

18. Treaty of Tordesillas Pope Alexander VI had to intervene to keep peace
An imaginary line was placed across the Atlantic Ocean running North and South
Land west of the line would be Spain’s, east would be Portugal’s
Spain and Portugal agreed to honor the line
Treaty of Tordesillas

19. China Rejects European Outreach

20. By the time the Portuguese came to power, the Chinese were the most powerful in the region
Other Asian countries paid tributes to the Chinese
The Ming Dynasty

21. Hongwu, son of a peasant commanded the army that drove out the Mongols in 1368
Later that year he became Emperor
Rise of the Ming

22. Achievements of Hongwu
Wanted to restore agriculture, erase Mongol presence
Increase rice production
Improved irrigation
Introduced fish farming
Introduced growing of commercial crops like cotton
Achievements of Hongwu

23. Toward the end of his reign, Hongwu believed that his officials were out to get him
He ordered thousands of government officials to be killed
When he died in 1398, a power struggle was created,
His son Yonglo emerged victorious
Downslope

24. Yonglo continued many of his father’s polices, but was curious about the outside world
Moved capital to Beijing
Launched 7 voyages of exploration
Yonglo’s Rule

25. Voyages All 7 voyages were led by a Chinese admiral named Zheng He
Massive expeditions
First traveled as far as India, later eastern Africa
Voyages

26. Yonglo hoped to impress the world with how powerful he was
Also wanted to expand the tribute system
Showed his superiority by giving lots of gifts such as silk, silver, and gold
Yonglo’s Goals

27. Ming’s relations with foreign countries
Became more isolated in the 1500’s
Only the government could conduct trade with foreigners
Silk and ceramic industries grew because of trade
Ming’s relations with foreign countries

28. China and industrialization
2 reasons China never industrialized
Commerce interfered with Confucian beliefs
Traditional laws favorite agriculture over industry
China and industrialization

29. The Ming started to lose confidence of the people because of ineffective rulers
Manchus invaded China, took over Beijing and gave themselves a Chinese name for their dynasty
The Qing Dynasty

30. Resistance Chinese resisted rule by the Manchus
As a sign of submission, the Chinese men had to wear their hair in pigtails
Resistance

31. The Manchus developed the trust of the Chinese by upholding Confucian beliefs
Kangxi also helped trust
He reduced government expenses and taxes
Offered Chinese intellectuals positions in the government
Trust

32. Continued Isolationism
The Chinese believed they were at the cultural center of the Universe and deserved special privileges
If foreigners wanted to trade with them, they had to follow Chinese Rules
Included trading at special ports, paying tributes, among others
Continued Isolationism

33. The Dutch Dutch English
Accepted Chinese customs, was accepted as trading partners
English
Rejected Chinese restrictions, was not offered as many items for trading
The Dutch

34. Daily Life

35. Agriculture Most Chinese families farmed using traditional practices
Irrigation and use of fertilizer increased
Introduction of new crops such as corn and sweet potatoes
More diverse diet led to healthier people, population boom
Agriculture

36. Chinese families favored having sons instead of daughters
Males were needed to carry on vital religious rituals
Sons would also raise their own family in his parents’ house
Daughters were sometimes killed
Chinese Families

37. Responsibilities of Women
Women had to help work in the field
Responsible for the education of children, managed finances
Some found outside jobs
Responsibilities of Women

38. Japan

39. During this time, centralized power had broken down because of Civil War
Instead of obeying central or national powers, people looked to local leaders
This time was known as Sengoko, which translates to “Warring States” period

40. Why called “Warring States?”
Powerful warriors gained control of local areas, offered protection in return for loyalty
These rulers became were called daimyo
New feudal system developed
Built fortified castles and created small armies to defend their land and gain more land
Why called “Warring States?”

41. Attempts at Unification
Several daimyo attempted to unify Japan once more
Oda Nobunaga took over the imperial capita of Koyoto
Tried to rule the country by force, but never was able to unify the country
Nobunaga committed seppuku when one of his generals turned on him
Ritual suicide of a samurai
Attempts at Unification

42. Tokugawa Ieyasu unified Japan, moved capital to a small fishing village that would later become Tokyo
Daimyo still governed the local level
To ensure no rebellions, Ieyasu required daimyos to spend every other year in the capital, but their families would stay in the capital
Started the Tokugawa Shogunate
Dynasty that ruled Japan
Japan is United

43. Tradition vs. Reality Confucian beliefs valued agriculture
Farmers made ideal citizens and should be regarded highly
However, the real world, the peasant farmers faced more difficulties than any other class
Many peasants moved into cities
Women were given some jobs, but still had a restricted life
Tradition vs. Reality

44. Culture during Tokugawa
Traditional
Attended traditional dramas
Read tales of ancient warriors
Had paintings of classical literature scenes
Culture during Tokugawa
Modern (For the 1600’s)
Kabuki theater
Skits about modern urban life using elaborate costumes
Read popular stories about self-made merchants
Paintings that showed urban life
Haiku poetry developed

45. The first Portuguese to come to Japan were actually shipwrecked, but others soon followed
Merchants traded many new items to Japan
Most daimyo were interested in muskets and cannons
Castles had to be built to withstand cannonballs
Muskets replaced the sword (although some samurai still preferred the sword)
Portuguese and Japan

46. Christian Missionaries in Japan
The Japanese first accepted the missionaries because they associated them with muskets
About 300,000 Japanese were converted to Christianity in about 20 years
Tokugawa Ieyasu was not a fan of the missionaries because they went against traditional beliefs and interfered with local politics
Didn’t want to interfere with traders who drove the Japanese economy
Christian Missionaries in Japan

47. Banning of Christianity
In 1612, Ieyasu began to fear religious uprisings more than losing economic growth
Banned Christianity from Japan
In 1637, about 30,000 unhappy peasants revolted, many of whom were Christians
Leaders began to attack Christians, all Japanese were forced to demonstrate faithfulness to Buddhism
Banning of Christianity

48. Closed Country Tokugawa shoguns wanted to control foreign ideas
Sealed Japan’s borders, only one port, Nagasaki, remained open to outsiders
Only the Dutch and Chinese could trade
Closed Country