1. Nat. Rev. Cardiol. doi:10.1038/nrcardio.2017.189
Figure 1 Studies on stress as a risk and prognostic factor for cardiovascular disease
Figure 1 | Studies on stress as a risk and prognostic factor for cardiovascular disease. Meta-analyses and large cohort studies have assessed stress as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease in the general population, in individuals at high risk of cardiovascular disease, and in patients with established cardiovascular disease. a | Except for extreme childhood stress, the associations between stress and cardiovascular end points are weak or moderate in the general population (HR <2; blue plots). b | By contrast, the associations with clinical end points are strong in high-risk populations (HR >2; red plots). c | In individuals with pre-existing cardiovascular disease, the associations of stress with recurrent events and death are moderate or strong. Statistically non-significant associations are shown with white plots. I, individual-participant data; P, data from published studies.
Kivimäki, M. & Steptoe, A. (2017) Effects of stress on the development and progression of cardiovascular disease
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