1. Rami Alfarra, Urs Baltensperger: Paul Scherrer Institute, CH.
Highly time resolved measurements of inorganic gases and aerosols during the EMEP intensive campaign June 2006
Eiko Nemitz, Rick Thomas, Chiara di Marco, Gavin Phillips: Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH) Edinburgh, UK.
Rami Alfarra, Urs Baltensperger: Paul Scherrer Institute, CH.
Rene Otjes, Jan Willem Erisman: Energy Centre of the Netherlands (ECN), Petten, NL.
University of Kopio, FI.

2. EMEP Intensive Measurement Periods June 2006 / January 2007
New feature of the new measurement strategy
Also provide an interim solution until EMEP Supersites (Level 2 & 3) are established
Periods for June 2006 & January 2007 focussing on the gas / aerosol partitioning of inorganic aerosol
Measurements include
Daily measurements with manual techniques (Wenche)
Hourly measurements with two different continuous techniques (this presentation)
So far only preliminary data available from online techniques

3. The Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer
Quantitative measurement
Concentration & size distribution
But, limitations:
Measurement of sub-micron aerosol (100% across nm)
Thermal vapourisation at 550°C: non-refractory aerosol only
Good for: NH4NO3, (NH4)2SO4, NH4Cl, organic aerosol
Does not measure: sea salt, crustal material
Ionisation: Thermal vapourisation, followed by electron impact ionisation (70 eV)
Less fragmentation than laser ionisation
More fragmentation than chemical ionisation

4. Thermal Vaporization & Electron Impact Ionization
Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (AMS)
Particle
Particle Beam
Aerodynamic Sizing
Composition
Generation
Quadrupole
Mass Spectrometer
Chopper
Thermal Vaporization &
Electron Impact Ionization
TOF Region
Aerodynamic Lens
(2 Torr)
Quantitative information of chemical composition and size distributions of volatile and semi-volatile aerosols. Aerodynamic lens, EI , QMS..
Particle Inlet (1 atm)
Turbo Pump
Turbo Pump
Turbo Pump
100% transmission ( nm), aerodynamic sizing, linear mass signal.
Development of an Aerosol Mass Spectrometer for Size and Composition Analysis of Sub-micron Particles. Jayne et al., Aerosol Science and Technology 33:1-2(49-70), 2000.

5. The ECN MARGA/GRAEGOR
Continuous wet denuder (NH3, HNO3, HCl, SO2, HONO)
Steam jet aerosol collector (NH4+, NO3-, SO42-, Cl-) (MARGA also Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+)
Anions: online anion IC
Cations:
online cation IC (MARGA)
diffusion membrane / conductivity for NH4+ (GRAEGOR)
Two separate sampling boxes for PM2.5 and PM10 (GRAEGOR TSP)

6. The MARGA/GRAEGOR

7. Comparison AMS vs. MARGA
MARGA/ GRAEGOR
Gases No
Yes (NH3, HNO3, HCl, SO2,HNO2)
Transmission
40 – 600 nm (~PM1)
PM2.5 & PM10/TSP
Sizing
Yes
Aerosol fraction
Non-refractory only: NH4+, NO3-, SO42-, Cl-, OM, H2O
Total: NH4+, NO3-, SO42-, Cl- (MARGA only: Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+)

8. 1st EMEP Intensive Measurement Period June 2006: Gas / aerosol partitioning of inorganic aerosol (contributions: ECN, NL; Univ. Kopio, FI; PSI, CH)
Auchencorth, Scotland
Total PM1 = 8.6 mg m-3
Cabauw, The Netherlands
Total PM2.5 = > 12.4 mg m-3
Mace Head, Ireland
Total PM1 = 6.0 mg m-3
Payerne, Switzerland
Total PM1 = 19.4 mg m-3
Harwell, England
Total PM2.5 = 13.7 mg m-3

9. Overview of Average Concentrations

10. Total Measured Concentrations

11. Nitrate

12. Sulphate

13. Ammonium

14. NH3 & SO2

15. HNO3 & HCl

16. HNO3 & HONO

17. Data Usage Provides powerful dataset for model validation
Bulk concentration
Gas / aerosol partitioning
Fine vs. coarse nitrate
Size distributions
Data towards aerosol climatology for Europe
Analyse in its own right
Analysis in local context

18. Concentration Products [NH3] x [HNO3]

19. Size distribution at CEH EMEP campaign Scottish Site

20. Average size distributions
Auchencorth
Payerne
Mace Head

21. Charge Balance (NH4+ vs. sum of NO3- and SO42-)

22. Contribution of Regional Ammonium Aerosols to Exceedances of PM10 Air Quality Standards in Urban Areas

23. Concentration Statistics

24. Summary and Outlook
The continuous measurements provide a very nice dataset for model evaluation
Successful given that this is a new modus operandi, although more sites would be preferable
For January 2007:
MARGA at Auchencorth (established supersite)
GRAEGOR at Harwell (supersite being established)
MARGA at Cabauw
AMS at Payerne (?)
Finish AMS at Scandinavian site? (part time?)
German AMS (MPI) at Jungfraujoch
More AMS systems could be deployed (e.g. Univ. Manchester AMSs). Funding?
Gap in Southern and Eastern Europe
Conflict between long-term research commitments of the participating institutes