1. Antimicrobial Agents

2. Antimicrobial agents Antibiotics – bacteria Antifungals – fungus
Antiprotozoans – protozoa
Antihelminths – worms

3. Infection
It has only been in the last 150 years that we have realized that infections were caused by other living organisms residing in the host

4. Infection
Localized – limited to one area like skin, eyes, ears or mucosa
Systemic – infection involves the body

5. Infectious Disease
There are many, many disease processes that are caused by infection
There are many, many terms to describe infection

6. Microbiology
The study of these microbes is covered in microbiology (microscopic biology).

7. Basic Micro Terms for Antibiotics
Bacteriostatic – prevent bacteria reproduction
Bacteriolytic – cause bacteria death

8. The age of antibiotics
Although there have been cultures that used plants and minerals to treat infectious diseases for centuries
Our understanding of infectious disease and the scientific use of antibiotics is less than a century old

9. Many horrible diseases are no longer killing the masses worldwide
Learn the history of infectious disease and the human suffering it has caused

10. Proper sanitation and clean water have done more to combat infectious disease than anything else

11. Sulfonamides Sulfonamide drugs were the first antimicrobial drugs
Paved the way for the antimicrobial revolution in medicine

12. Sulfonamides
The first sulfonamide was trade named Protonsil, which is a prodrug of an active sulfonamide.
Experiments with Prontonsil began in 1932 in the laboratories in the laboratories of Bayer AG.

13. Sulfonamides
Prontonsil was the first medicine ever discovered that could effectively treat a range of bacterial infections.
It had no effect at all in a test tube or petri dish, exerting its antibacterial action only in live animals.

14. Sulfonamides
Antibacterial sulfonamides act to prevent a key step in folate synthesis
Since folate is necessary for cells to synthesize nucleic acids…
Preventing folate acid synthesis prevents cells from dividing

15. Sulfonamides
Because the sulfonamide antibacterial prevent reproduction of the bacteria they are…

16. Sulfonamides
Folate is synthesized in mammalian cells, it is a dietary requirement
This explains the selective toxicity in bacteria

17. Sulfonamides Sulfacetamide as topical for bacterial conjunctivitis
Silver sulfadiazine cream for burn wounds

18. Bactrim Septra SMX/TMP
Sulfamethoxazole with Trimethoprim are used in combination as a potent antibiotic combination
Trimethoprim is also a folate synthesis inhibitor

19. Sulfonamide
Sulfonamides led to the development of many sulfa-based drugs:
Sulfonylureas – for diabetes mellitus
Thiazide diuretics – for hypertension

20. Sulfonamide
Unfortunately, sulfonamides cause allergic reactions in nearly 5% of the population
Is a leading cause of a drug induced Stevens-Johnson syndrom – a type of allergic reaction

21. Stevens-Johnson syndrom

22. Polyketides
Polyketides are metabolites from bacteria, fungi, plants and animals.

23. Polyketides
Ancient wisdom gave us the knowledge that certain plants and molds were helpful in preventing what we call infection

24. Penicillin
It has been known since the ancients that certain molds had healing properties
Modern scientific investigation of these properties emerged as early as 1875.

25. Penicillin
Although the antimicrobial properties of penicillin were well accepted
Mass production of penicillin was difficult until 1940s.
It was common procedure to collect the urine from patients being treated so that the penicillin could be isolated and reused.

26. Penicillin
Thanks to a lot of researchers, and a moldy cantaloupe in Peoria, Illinois…
By 1944, PCN was in full mass production

27. Penicillin
Penicillin was used to treat Gonorrhea before but now it is no longer being used since the bacteria evolved to resist the antibiotic

28. However…
Some bacteria, which had never caused infections before penicillin, emerged as pathogens…

29. Beta-lactam antibiotics
Penicillins
Cephalosporins
Carbapenems