1. Artificial Selection
In artificial selection, humans have modified other species over many generations by selecting and breeding individuals with desired traits
Terminal
bud
Lateral
buds
Cabbage
Brussels sprouts
Leaves
Flower
clusters
Cauliflower
Kale
Flowers
and
stems
Stem
Broccoli
Wild mustard
Kohlrabi

3. Differential Predation in Guppy Populations
Researchers have observed natural selection leading to adaptive evolution in guppy populations

4. Pools with killifish
but no guppies prior
to transplant
Experimental
transplant of
guppies
Predator: Killifish; preys
mainly on small guppies
Guppies:
Larger at
sexual maturity
than those in
“pike-cichlid pools”
Predator: Pike-cichlid; preys mainly on large guppies
Guppies: Smaller at sexual maturity than
those in “killifish pools”

5. The Evolution of Drug-Resistant HIV
The use of drugs to combat HIV selects for viruses resistant to these drugs
The ability of bacteria and viruses to evolve rapidly poses a challenge to our society

6. Percent of HIV resistant to 3TC
LE 22-13
100
Patient
No. 1
Patient No. 2 75
Percent of HIV resistant to 3TC 50
Patient No. 3 25 2 4 6 8 10 12
Weeks

7. Anatomical Homologies
Homologous structures are anatomical resemblances that represent variations on a structural theme present in a common ancestor

8. Anatomical Homologies
Turtle
Alligator
Bird
Mammal
Ancient, lobe-
finned fish

9. Comparative embryology reveals anatomical homologies not visible in adult organisms
Pharyngeal
pouches
Post-anal
tail
Chick embryo (LM)
Human embryo

10. Vestigial organs are remnants of structures that served important functions in the organism’s ancestors

11. Molecular Homologies
Percent of Amino Acids That Are
Identical to the Amino Acids in a
Human Hemoglobin Polypeptide
100%
95%
87%
69%
54%
14%
Rhesus monkey
Species
Human
Mouse
Chicken
Frog
Lamprey
Examples of homologies at the molecular level are genes shared among organisms inherited from a common ancestor

12. Biogeography
Darwin’s observations of biogeography, the geographic distribution of species, formed an important part of his theory of evolution

13. The Darwinian view of life predicts that evolutionary transitions should leave signs in the fossil record
Paleontologists have discovered fossils of many such transitional forms

14. Whales

16. Modern Tetrapod Lineage
They are all Middle–Late Devonian in age, ranging from 385 million years (Panderichthys) to 365 million years (Acanthostega, Ichthyostega).