1. Westlake Science Biology
Cellular Energy
Westlake Science
Biology

2. Cellular Energy Energy Release Energy Production Oxygen available
No Oxygen available
Photosynthesis
(use of light)
Chemosynthesis
(uses oxidation of
inorganic molecules)
Cellular Respiration
Fermentation
2 Types:
Lactic Acid (human muscles
Alcoholic (yeast and bacteria)
3 Stages:
Glycolysis
Krebs Cycle
ETC
Light
Dependent
Reactions
Light
Independent
Reactions
(Calvin
Cycle)

3. Introduction
All organisms must be able to obtain and convert energy to carry out life functions, such as growth and reproduction.
Photosynthesis and chemosynthesis are ways that organisms can trap fuel from the environment and convert it into a biologically useful energy source.
Cellular respiration is a way that organisms can break down energy sources to carry out life’s processes.

4. Introduction (cont’d)
Photosynthesis takes place in plants, algae, and some bacteria.
Cellular respiration takes place in all eukaryotic cells and some prokaryotic cells.
Chemosynthesis takes place only in prokaryotic cells example bacteria.

5. ATP
ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is a molecule that serves as the chemical energy supply for all cells
Adenine, the sugar ribose, and three phosphates compose ATP.
Since the phosphates all carry a negative charge, they repel one another.
The release of a great deal of energy occurs when the last phosphate in ATP breaks off, forming ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and P (an inorganic phosphate molecule).

6. Structure of ATP

7. ATP (cont’d)
After the ATP molecule breaks down, cells use the released energy to drive cellular processes and reactions.
Examples of cellular processes that require energy include:
heat production
muscle contractions
photosynthesis
cellular respiration
locomotion
and DNA replication

8. Checkpoint! Q: What molecule serves as chemical energy for the cell?
A: ATP
Q: What are the 3 components of ATP?
A: Adenine, ribose sugar, and 3 phosphates
Q: How is energy released from a molecule of ATP?
A: The 3rd phosphate breaks off

9. 6CO2 + 6H20 + light (energy)→ C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6O2
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis, which takes place in the chloroplast of a plant cell, is the process of converting carbon dioxide, water, and light energy into oxygen and high energy sugar molecules.
Here is the formula for this process:
6CO2 + 6H20 + light (energy)→ C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6O2
REACTANTS PRODUCTS

10. Photosynthesis (cont’d)
Plants, algae, and some bacteria can use the sugar molecules produced during photosynthesis to make complex carbohydrates such as starch or cellulose for food.
The process of photosynthesis consists of two basic stages:
Light-dependent reactions
Light-independent reactions (a.k.a. Calvin Cycle)

11. Label the following: chloroplast, granum, thylakoid

12. Photosynthesis (cont’d)
Light-dependent reactions are converts solar energy into chemical energy.
The light dependent reaction begins with light and water and produces oxygen gas. ADP and NADP+ are converted into The energy carriers (1) ATP and (2) NADPH.
Light-Independent reactions are chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and other compounds into glucose.

13. Photosynthesis (cont’d)
After a series of many chemical reactions, glucose is the end result!
The glucose can then be used as food to enter cellular respiration, or it can be converted to other carbohydrate products such as sucrose or starch.

14. Checkpoint! Q: What are the reactants of photosynthesis?
A: Carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight
Q: What are the products of photosynthesis?
A: glucose and oxygen
Q: What are the two stages of photosynthesis?
A: (1) light-dependent reactions and (2) light-independent reactions.

15. C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6O2→ 6CO2 + 6H20 + ATP (energy)
Cellular Respiration
Cellular respiration is the process of breaking down food molecules to release energy.
Here is the formula for cellular respiration:
C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6O2→ 6CO2 + 6H20 + ATP (energy)
REACTANTS PRODUCTS
Notice that the molecules present are the same as photosynthesis.
The difference is the products and reactants have switched.

16. Cellular Respiration
Animals, and some bacteria use cellular respiration to break down food molecules.
The energy released through cellular respiration is used to create ATP.
Cellular respiration occurs in three phases:
Glycolysis
Krebs cycle.
Electron transport chain

17. Diagram of Cellular Respiration: Where does glycolysis take place
Diagram of Cellular Respiration: Where does glycolysis take place? Krebs and ETC?

18. Cellular Respiration (step 1)
Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm. It will break down glucose (a six carbon compound) into two molecules of pyruvic acid (a three carbon compound)
If glycolysis occurs without the presence of oxygen, it is called anaerobic resp. (fermentation)
Fermentation releases energy from food molecules in the absence of Oxygen.
Provides a net gain of 2 ATP.

19. Cellular Respiration (step 2)
Krebs Cycle is the second step of cellular respiration.
The Krebs cycle is also known as the (1) citric acid cycle and (2) tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle.
The Krebs cycle begins when the pyruvic acid formed in glycolysis moves into the mitochondrion.
Pyruvic acid and oxygen are used to make citric acid. (Aerobic Respiration)
Krebs cycle generates a net gain of 2 ATP.

20. Cellular Respiration (step 3)
Electron Transport Chain (ETC) is a series of chemical reactions that take place in proteins embedded in a membrane (mitochondria) along which energized electrons are transported
As electrons are passed from molecule to molecule, energy is released.
ETC generates a net gain of 34 ATP.

21. checkpoint Q: What is the purpose of cellular respiration?
A: break down glucose and release energy
Q: What are the 3 stages of cellular respiration? How many net ATP’s does each stage produce?
A: Glycolysis-2 ATP, Krebs Cycle-2 ATP, and Electron Transport Chain-34 ATP.
Q: Where (in the cell) do these stages take place?
A: Glycolyis- in the cytoplasm; Krebs and ETC-inside mitochondria

22. Chemosynthesis
Chemosynthesis is the process by which inorganic chemicals are broken down to release energy.
The only known organisms that are able to carry out chemosynthesis are bacteria.
These organisms form the base of the food chain around thermal vents found on the ocean floor.
These organisms are also found around other aquatic volcanic vents like those around Yellowstone National park.

23. Photosynthesis vs. Cellular Respiration

24. Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
Glycolysis
“split sugar” into
Two 3-C molecules
Outside mitochondria
CARBON DIOXIDE
SUNLIGHT
WATER
Chloroplast
Light Calvin
Reactions Cycle
Pyruvic acid
Mitochondria
GLUCOSE
6 carbon
molecule
Krebs & ETC
Pyruvic acid
Sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water are used to produce a 6-carbon sugar (glucose)
6-Carbon sugar broken down (with use of oxygen) to release about ATP molecules
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
CELLULAR RESPIRATION

25. The End

26. Introduction
All organisms must be able to obtain and convert __________ to carry out life functions, such as growth and reproduction.
___________ and _________ are ways that organisms can trap fuel from the environment and convert it into a biologically useful energy source.
________ ________ is a way that organisms can break down energy sources to carry out life’s processes.

27. Introduction (cont’d)
Photosynthesis takes place in plants, ______, and some _______.
Cellular respiration takes place in ___ eukaryotic cells and ________ prokaryotic cells.
Chemosynthesis takes place ______ in prokaryotic cells.

28. ATP
___ (adenosine triphosphate) is a molecule that serves as the chemical energy supply for all cells
Adenine, the sugar ribose, and _____ phosphates compose ATP.
Since the phosphates all carry a negative charge, they _______ one another.
The release of a great deal of _____ occurs when the last phosphate in ATP breaks off, forming ______ (adenosine diphosphate) and P (an inorganic phosphate molecule).

29. Structure of ATP

30. ATP (cont’d)
After the ATP molecule breaks down, cells use the released energy to drive cellular processes and reactions.
Examples of cellular processes that require energy include:
_____ production
_______ ________
______________
________ ____________
___________
and ______ replication

31. 6CO2 + 6H20 + light (energy)→ C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6O2
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis, which takes place in the ___________ of a plant cell, is the process of converting carbon dioxide, water, and light energy into oxygen and high energy sugar molecules.
Here is the formula for this process:
6CO2 + 6H20 + light (energy)→ C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6O2

32. Photosynthesis (cont’d)
Plants, algae, and some bacteria can use the sugar molecules produced during photosynthesis to make complex carbohydrates such as starch or cellulose for food.
The process of photosynthesis consists of two basic stages:
Light-___________ reactions
Light-____________ reactions (a.k.a. Calvin Cycle)

33. Label the following: chloroplast, granum, thylakoid

34. Photosynthesis (cont’d)
Light-dependent reactions are converts solar energy into ___________ energy.
The light dependent reaction begins with light and water and produces oxygen gas. ADP and NADP+ are converted into The energy carriers (1) ATP and (2) NADPH.
Light-Independent reactions are chemical reactions that convert _______ ______ and other compounds into ________.

35. Photosynthesis (cont’d)
After a series of many chemical reactions, _________ is the end result!
The glucose can then be used as food to enter ______ ________, or it can be converted to other carbohydrate products such as sucrose or starch.

36. C6H12O6 (glucose) + ___O2→ ___CO2 + ___H20 + light (energy)
Cellular Respiration
Cellular respiration is the process of ____________ food molecules to release energy.
Here is the formula for cellular respiration:
C6H12O6 (glucose) + ___O2→ ___CO2 + ___H20 + light (energy)
Notice that the molecules present are the same as photosynthesis.
The difference is the products and reactants have switched.

37. Cellular Respiration
Plants, algae, animals, and some bacteria use cellular respiration to break down food molecules.
The energy released through cellular respiration is used to create ________.
Cellular respiration occurs in three phases:
Glycolysis
Krebs cycle (Citric Acid)
Electron transport

38. Diagram of Cellular Respiration: Where does glycolysis take place
Diagram of Cellular Respiration: Where does glycolysis take place? Krebs and ETC?

39. Cellular Respiration (step 1)
_____________ occurs in the cytoplasm. It will break down glucose (a six carbon compound) into two molecules of ______ acid (a three carbon compound)
If glycolysis occurs without the presence of ________, it is called ___________.
Fermentation releases energy from food molecules in the absence of Oxygen.
Provides a net gain of ______ATP.

40. Cellular Respiration (step 2)
_____________ is the second step of cellular respiration.
The Krebs cycle is also known as the (1) _______________ and (2) tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle.
The Krebs cycle begins when the pyruvic acid formed in glycolysis moves into the __________________.
Pyruvic acid and ________ are used to make citric acid.
Krebs cycle generates a net gain of ___ ATP.

41. Cellular Respiration (step 3)
___________________ (ETC) is a series of chemical reactions that take place in ___________ embedded in a membrane (mitochondria) along which energized ____________ are transported
As electrons are passed from molecule to molecule, energy is _____________.
ETC generates a net gain of ______ATP.

42. Chemosynthesis
________________ is the process by which ____________ chemicals are broken down to _________ energy.
The only known organisms that are able to carry out chemosynthesis are ___________.
These organisms form the base of the food chain around thermal vents found on the ocean floor.
These organisms are also found around other aquatic volcanic vents like those around _______________________park.

43. Photosynthesis vs. Cellular Respiration
6-carbon glucose molecule is _________
ATP molecules are ________ in glucose molecule
6-carbon glucose molecule is ___________
ATP molecules are __________ from glucose.
Both involved
in ATP production

44. Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
Glycolysis
“split sugar” into
Two 3-C molecules
Outside mitochondria
CARBON DIOXIDE
SUNLIGHT
WATER
Chloroplast
Light Calvin
Reactions Cycle
Pyruvic acid
Mitochondria
GLUCOSE
6 carbon
molecule
Krebs & ETC
Pyruvic acid
Sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water are used to produce a 6-carbon sugar (glucose)
6-Carbon sugar broken down (with use of oxygen) to release about ATP molecules
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
CELLULAR RESPIRATION