1. general Machine Guarding
The material was produced under grant number SH SH7 from the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, U.S. Department of Labor. It does not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the U.S. Department of Labor, nor does mention of trade names, commercial products, or organizations imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.

2. We Will Cover: Machine Guarding Principles Recognizing Hazards
Evaluating Hazards
Controlling Hazards
Subpart O - Highlights
Employer Responsibilities
Employee Responsibilities
We will discuss machine guarding principals, Subpart O Highlights, Employer and Employee Responsibilities.

3. Why Are Machines Not Guarded?
Ask the class why they think machines are not guarded. See next slide for possible answers.

4. Why Are Machines Not Guarded? Possible Answers
No one would ever stick their arm, hand, finger, head, etc. in there.
No one is supposed to be back there, in there, around it while it is running.
The machine came that way; it never had a guard.
I’ve been doing it this way for twenty years without any problems.
The guard is in the way.
The OSHA inspector didn’t say anything about it.
We’ll put it back on if OSHA comes.
Discuss with class why they think machines aren’t guarded. Some answers you might receive are below:
No one would stick their arm, hand, finger, head, etc. in there.
No one is supposed to be back there, in there, around it while it is running.
The machine came that way; it never had a guard.
I’ve been doing it this way for twenty years without any problems.
The guard is in the way.
The inspector didn’t say anything.
It costs too much.

5. Amputations Can Occur On What Type Of Equipment?
Ask the class on what type of equipment can amputations occur. Answers are on the next slide.

6. Amputations Can Occur on the Following Equipment:
Power Presses
Saws
Shears
Press Brakes
Slicers
Conveyors
Printing Presses
Roll Forming/Bending Machines
Drill Presses/Milling Machines
Some of the answers may be:
power presses
Saws
Shears
Press brakes
Slicers
Conveyors
Printing presses
Roll forming/bending machines
Drill presses/milling machines
Others?

7. Where Do Machine Hazards Occur On Equipment?
Ask the class where machine hazards occur on equipment? Possible answers on the next slide.

8. Where Machine Hazards Occur:
Point of operation
Mechanical power transmission
Other moving parts
Three of the main places machine hazards occur on equipment are at the point of operation, mechanical power transmission apparatus and other moving parts.
Point of operation – “means that point at which cutting, shaping, boring, or forming is accomplished upon the stock”
Mechanical power transmission apparatus – “all components of the mechanical system which transmit energy to the part of the machine performing the work. These components include flywheels, pulleys, belts, connecting rods, couplings, cams, spindles, chains, cranks, and gears.”

9. Machine Guarding Requirements
Prevent contact
Be secure
Protect from falling objects
Create no new hazards
No interference
Maintainability and accessibility
Machine guards must prevent contact, be secure, protect from falling objects, create no new hazards and not create interference for the production of the equipment. Machine Guards should also be set up to allow for easy maintenance and accessibility to the equipment. For example: install guards so that the equipment can be maintained (oiled, greased, adjusted, etc.) without removing the guards.

10. Machine Guarding Requirements Continued
Must NOT be able to reach under, through, over or around the guards or otherwise access the hazard!
It is very important that the guards once installed do not allow access to the hazardous parts by reaching under, through, over or around the guards.

11. Any Hazards?
This slide shows a picture of a rotating shaft, a rotating shaft and coupling, gears, chain and sprocket, belt and pulley, fan, bench grinder, rotating auger, punch press, shear and reciprocating piece of equipment with a person standing between the equipment that is reciprocating and a wall. These pictures all show parts of equipment that need guarding. The rotating shafts, rotating shaft and coupling, gears, chain and sprocket, belt and pulley, rotating auger, punch press and shear all need to have guarding to eliminate access. The fan has to have a guard with openings no less than ¼ inch. The grinder must have side guards, tongue guards adjusted to ¼ inch and tool rests adjusted to 1/8 inch. Access to the reciprocating machine must be eliminated through barrier guards or other means so employees can not be struck by the equipment.

12. Methods of machine safeguarding
Physical guards
Devices
Location/Distance
The three methods of safeguarding are physical guards, devices and location/distance.
Physical guards provide a barrier and are a permanent part of the machine.
Devices are may stop the machine if a part of the body is placed in the danger area, restrain or withdraw the operator’s hands from the danger area, require the use of both hands to control the machine to keep them out of the danger area, or provide a barrier that is synchronized with the operating cycle of the machine to prevent entry into the danger area during the hazardous part of the cycle.
Location or distance is locating the machine so that employees can not enter the hazardous area and setting up the operators at a safe distance from the equipment.

13. Guards vs. Safeguarding Devices
Fixed
Interlocked
Adjustable
Self-adjusting
Presence sensing
Pullback
Restraint
Safety controls and trips
Gates
The differences between guards and safeguarding devices:
Guards are fixed, interlocked, adjustable, self-adjusting.
Devices are presence sensing, pullback, restraint, safety controls and trips and gates.

14. Table 1: Recommended Maximum Openings
Distance of Opening from Point of Operation (Inches)
Maximum Width of Openings (Inches)
½ to 1 ½
1 ½ to 2 ½ ⅜
2 ½ to 3 ½
3 ½ to 5 ½ ⅝
5 ½ to 6 ½
6 ½ to 7 ½ ⅞
7 ½ to 12 ½
1 ¼
12 ½ to 15 ½
1 ½
15 ½ to 17 ½
1 ⅞
17 ½ to 31 ½
2 ⅛
Over 31 ½ 6
This is a table found in Mechanical Power Presses but can be used for all equipment. It is demonstrating the maximum width of openings you can have in guards in relation to the distance the guards are installed from the point of operation hazard. The closer the guard is to the point of operation, the smaller the opening can be. If the guard is located further from the point of operation, the openings in the guard can be larger. The openings and the guards must be installed so the employee can not access the point of operation through the guard.

15. Fixed Guard
Provides a barrier - a permanent part of the machine, preferable to all other types of guards.
(a)(2)
As a general rule, power-transmission apparatus is best protected by fixed guards that enclose the danger area. For hazards at the point of operation, where moving parts actually perform work on stock, several kinds of safeguarding are possible.
Fixed guards provide a barrier and are a permanent part of the machine.
This shows a picture of a flywheel with a fixed guard (left). The second picture (right) shows a belt and pulley that is fully guarded with a fixed guard that is secured in place.

16. Interlocked Guard
When this type of guard is opened or removed, the tripping mechanism and/or power automatically shuts off or disengages, and the machine cannot cycle or be started until the guard is back in place.
Interlocked guard on revolving drum
An interlocked guard may use electrical, mechanical, hydraulic, or pneumatic power or any combination of these. Interlocks should not prevent “inching” by remote control, if required. Replacing the guard should not automatically restart the machine. When the interlocked guard is opened or removed, the equipment will shut down and can’t be started again until it is closed again.
This slide shows a picture of a revolving drum (equipment) with an interlocked guard that is in the opened position.

17. Adjustable Guard
Provides a barrier which may be adjusted to facilitate a variety of production operations.
Bandsaw blade adjustable guard
Adjustable guards are useful because they allow flexibility in accommodating various sizes of stock, but, because they require adjusting, they are subject to human error.
This slide shows a picture of a vertical bandsaw with an adjustable guard in place.

18. Self-Adjusting Guard
Provides a barrier that moves according to the size of the stock entering the danger area.
Circular table saw self-adjusting guard
Self-adjusting guards avoid the potential for human error associated with adjustable guards. They adjust on their own staying in contact with the stock.
This slide shows a picture of a circular table saw with an adjustable guard in place that raises and lowers as the piece of wood is run over the saw blade.

19. Safeguarding devices Presence sensing Pullback Restraint
Safety controls and trips
Gates
Safeguarding devices can include presence sensing, pullback, restraint, safety controls and trips and gates.

20. Presence Sensing Devices
This slide shows a picture of a press with a light curtain (left) and a machine with a bump guard (right). When you hit the bump guard the equipment stops running. When you break the light curtain field the equip

21. Presence Sensing Device (Light Curtains)
This slide shows a picture of an employee working on a piece of equipment with moving parts. The equipment has light curtains installed which are presence sensing devices. The picture shows red lines indicating the optical sensors between the two light curtains that will shut off the equipment when they are broken by an employers body part, tools, etc. so that the employee can not access the point of operation while it is operating.
The small graphic in the right corner shows an hand breaking the optical sensors field on light curtains. This should shut the machine down.

22. Pullbacks and Restraints
The left photo shows an employee operating a press with pullbacks installed as a safeguarding device.
The graphic on the right show restraints installed on a press brake. This graphic shows two operators so there are two restraints installed for each operator.

23. Two Hand Controls
This slide show two versions of two hand controls. One is a two hand control with rings around the controls so that employees have to push down with both hands at the same time to start the cycle. The other picture is a picture of a two hand control where the employee is putting his hands pinky side down into the two hand control slots to start the cycle.

24. Safety Tripwire Cables
Device located around the perimeter of or near the danger area
Operator must be able to reach the cable to stop the machine
Tripwire cables must be manually reset to restart the machine. These are a device (cord) that is located around the perimeter or near the danger area. When the trip wire is pulled, the equipment will stop. The operator must be able to reach the cable to stop the machine and the machine must be able to stop fast enough for this to be sufficient.
Photo shows a tripwire cable on a machine with large rollers.

25. Other Methods
Presence Sensing mats. When employees step on the mats, the equipment will stop. This shows two picture of employees feet stepping on the mat to stop the equipment. These must be set up properly and maintained.

26. Gate
Movable barrier device which protects the operator at the point of operation before the machine cycle can be started
If the gate does not fully close, machine will not function
Another potential application of this type of device is where the gate is a component of a perimeter safeguarding system. Here the gate may provide protection not only to the operator but to pedestrian traffic as well. The machine will not operate when the gate is open. When the cycle is started, the gate will close and then the machine will operate.
This shows a picture of a press with a gate guard. The first picture shows the gate open and the point of operation accessible and the second picture shows a press with the gate closed and the point of operation not accessible.
Gate Open
Gate Closed

27. Safeguarding by Location/Distance
Locate the machine or its dangerous moving parts so that they are not accessible or do not present a hazard to a worker during normal operation
Maintain a safe distance from the danger area
One approach to safeguarding by location is shown in this photo. Operator controls may be located at a safe distance from the machine if there is no reason for the operator to tend it. In this picture the person is located away from the point of operation and hazardous parts at the controller. The point of operation and hazardous parts are covered by a large guard.
Another approach is to locate the machine so that a plant design feature, such as a wall, protects the worker and other personnel. Enclosure walls or fences can also restrict access to machines. Another possible solution is to have dangerous parts located high enough to be out of the normal reach of any worker.

28. Protective Shields
These do not give complete protection from machine hazards, but do provide some protection from flying particles, splashing cutting oils, or coolants.
Miscellaneous aids, such as these, do not give complete protection from machine hazards, but may provide the operator with an extra margin of safety. Protective shields are used in two pictures here. One is on a drill press (left) and one is on a lathe (right).

29. Robot Safety – ANSI/RIA R15.06 2012
Follow ANSI/RIA R for Robot Safety. You have to protect the workers from the robot parts. Employees can be struck by the robot if they enter the hazardous area. This slide shows a picture of a robot that has a gate all around the robot so no one can enter and be struck by the robot.

30. Fixed Guards (Pros vs. Cons)
Many applications
Often built in-house
Can provide maximum protection
Minimal maintenance
Suitable for high production, repetitive
CONS
Can interfere with visibility
Can be limited to specific operations (e.g., where point of operation access not necessary)
Machine adjustment and repair can require removal, requiring other protection of maintenance
Pros of Fixed Guards:
Many applications – can be used in many applications on many different types of machines
Often built in-house – can often be built and installed by the company
Can provide maximum protection – they are fixed in place providing the most protection
Minimal maintenance – They are fixed in place and should not require a lot of maintenance.
Suitable for high production, repetitive – strong enough for these types of applications.
Cons of Fixed Guards:
Can interfere with visibility of the work
Can be limited to specific operations – sometimes the point of operation can not be covered by a fix guard because material has to be fed into the equipment.
Machine adjustment and repair can require removal, requiring other protection of maintenance – lockout/tagout is needed if removed and have to rely on employees replacing the guards.

31. Interlocked Guard (Pros vs. Cons)
Can provide maximum protection
Allows access for removing jams without time-consuming removal of guards (subject to lockout requirements)
CONS
Requires careful adjustment and maintenance
May be easy to disengage or defeat
Pros and Cons of Interlocked Guards

32. Presence Sensing (Pros vs. Cons)
Can allow more movement for operator into point of operation
CONS
Limited to machines that can be stopped
Does not protect against flying objects
May require frequent alignment and calibration
Pros and Cons of presence sensing devices.
Pro – they allow for movement into the point of operation
Con – they can only be used on equipment that can be stopped in time, they don’t protect against flying objects and may require frequent alignment and calibration.

33. Pullbacks/Restraints (Pros vs. Cons)
Eliminates need for additional guarding
Smaller risk of mechanical failure for restraints
CONS
Limits movement of operator
May obstruct work space around operator
Adjustments must be made for each operation and individual
Requires frequent inspections and maintenance
Requires close supervision of the operator
Pros and Cons of Pullbacks and Restraints

34. 2-Hand Control (Pros vs. Cons)
Operators hands at a predetermined location (if controls fixed)
Operators hands free to pick up parts
CONS
Requires partial cycle machine with a brake
Some 2-hand controls can be defeated
Protects only the operator
Pros and Cons of 2-Hand Controls

35. Subpart O - Machinery and Machine Guarding
211 - Definitions
212 - General requirements
213 - Woodworking machinery
215 - Abrasive wheel machinery
216 - Mills and calendars
217 - Mechanical power presses
218 - Forging machines
219 - Mechanical power transmission
Subpart O Standards

36. 1910.212 General Requirements for all Machines
29 CFR covers general requirements for all machines

37. (a)(1)
One or more methods of machine guarding shall be provided to protect the operator and other employees in the machine area from hazards such as those created by the point of operation, in-going nip points, rotating parts, flying chips and sparks.
29 CFR (a)(1) states employers must guard equipment that has hazards. Shows a picture of gears

38. (a)(3)(ii)
The point of operation of machines whose operation exposes an employee to injury, shall be guarded.
29 CFR (a)(3)(ii) – point of operation must be guarded.

39. (a)(5)
When the periphery of the blades of a fan is less than seven (7) feet above the floor or working level, the blades shall be guarded. The guard shall have openings no larger than 1/2 inch.
Fans less than 7 feet from the floor must be guarded. The guard must have openings no larger than ½ inch. If still accessible at or above 7 feet then they must also be guarded.
Slide shows picture of a fan.

40. Fans
Picture on left is of a fan that is properly guarded with openings less than ½ inch. 29 CFR (a)(5)
Second picture on right is of a fan that is not properly guarded with openings way more than ½ inch.
Source of Pictures: Free stock photos of fans on google images.

41. (b)
Machines designed for a fixed location shall be securely anchored to prevent walking or moving.
29 CFR (b) – securely anchor equipment

42. 1910.215 Abrasive-Wheel Machinery
29 CFR covers abrasive wheel machinery

43. (a)(4)
Work rests shall be adjusted closely to the wheel with a maximum opening of one-eighth inch to prevent the work from being jammed between the wheel and the rest, which may cause wheel breakage.
Picture shows a bench grinder which has work rests in place that are within 1/8 inch of the wheel. Grinder does not have a tongue guard.

44. (b)(9)
The distance between the wheel periphery and the adjustable tongue or the end of the peripheral member at the top shall never exceed one-fourth inch.
Tongue Guard
Picture shows a bench grinder with a tongue guard and a tool rest in place. Discuss how these become out of adjustment as the grinder is used because the wheel is being ground smaller. Have to have administrative controls and disciplinary system in place to ensure the tongue guard and tool rest stay adjusted properly.
Tool Rest

45. (d)(1)
Immediately before mounting, all wheels shall be closely inspected and sounded by the user (ring test) to make sure they have not been damaged.
Discuss what ring test is. To test, wheels should be tapped gently with a light, non-metallic instrument. If the wheels sound cracked or dead, they must not be used because they could fly apart in operation. A stable and undamaged wheel, when tapped, will give a clear metallic tone or "ring.”
Illustration: Graphic shows the wheel divided into four quadrants and arrows point to where the wheel should be struck with non-metallic tool. (Source: Idaho State University. Office of Workforce Training)
Source: Idaho State University. Office of Workforce Training

46. 1910.217 Mechanical Power Presses
29 CFR addresses mechanical power presses
Optional Topic: This standard be covered in more detail for classes/audiences that pick this as an optional topic.

47. Mechanical Power Press
Picture of a mechanical power press. Notice the flywheel, point of operation and light curtains.

48. Mechanical Power Presses
Mechanical Full Revolution Clutch
Can not be disengaged during full stroke
Mechanical Part Revolution Clutch
Can be disengaged at any time during a full stroke
Guarding is dependent on which type of press
Example – Presence sensing devices or two hand controls can’t guard a full revolution – the stroke can’t be disengaged when device is activated
Discuss the differences between a full revolution and a part revolution press. A full revolution will go one full cycle regardless of guarding, controls, etc. A part revolution can be stopped during the cycle.
Discuss what guarding can be used with full revolution versus part revolution presses. Presence sensing devices will not stop a full revolution press, but will stop a part revolution press. Physical guards are used on full revolution presses.

49. (c)(1)
Use of point of operation guards or properly applied and adjusted point of operation devices on every operation performed on a mechanical power press. See Table O-10.
The point of operation has to be guarded on a mechanical power press. As stated in previous slide, that guard will depend on whether it is a full revolution or part revolution press.
Table O-10 is discussed in the next slide.

50. Recommended Maximum Openings
Distance of Opening from Point of Operation (Inches)
Maximum Width of Openings (Inches)
½ to 1 ½
1 ½ to 2 ½ ⅜
2 ½ to 3 ½
3 ½ to 5 ½ ⅝
5 ½ to 6 ½
6 ½ to 7 ½ ⅞
7 ½ to 12 ½
1 ¼
12 ½ to 15 ½
1 ½
15 ½ to 17 ½
1 ⅞
17 ½ to 31 ½
2 ⅛
Over 31 ½ 6
This is a table found in Mechanical Power Presses but can be used for all equipment. It is demonstrating the maximum width of openings you can have in guards in relation to the distance the guards are installed from the point of operation hazard. The closer the guard is to the point of operation, the smaller the opening can be. If the guard is located further from the point of operation, the openings in the guard can be larger. The openings and the guards must be installed so the employee can not access the point of operation through the guard.

51. Mechanical Power Presses
Periodic and regular inspections
Foot pedal protected to prevent unintended operation
Machine Guarding power transmission apparatus same as other equipment
The employer must report all point-of-operation injuries within 30 days of occurrence
Some of the mechanical power press requirements.

52. 1910.219 Mechanical Power-Transmission Apparatus
29 CFR covers mechanical power transmission apparatus.
Graphic: Illustration of sprockets.

53. (b)(1)
Flywheels located so that any part is 7 feet or less above the floor or platform shall be guarded.
Wherever flywheels are above working areas, guards shall be installed having sufficient strength to hold the weight of the flywheel in the event of a shaft or wheel mounting failure.
Flywheels have to be guarded. The guards must be of sufficient strength to hold the flywheel.

54. (c)
Horizontal, vertical, and inclined shafting must be enclosed.
Projecting shaft ends shall present a smooth edge and end and shall not project more than 1/2 the diameter of the shaft unless guarded by non rotating cap or safety sleeves.
Rotating shafts must be guarded.
Projecting shaft ends must be guarded or cut so they don’t extend more than ½ the diameter of the shaft.

55. Rotating Shafts and Couplings
Two pictures:
Picture shows a rotating coupling with projecting bolt heads. (left)
Picture shows a rotating shaft and pulleys with projecting key and set screw. (right)
Both need to be guarded usually by a fixed guard.
Source: – OSHA Machine Guarding e-Tool Motions and Actions

56. Rotating Shaft
This pictures shows a rotating shaft that has a worker’s hair wrapped around it. Rotating shafts can grab hair, clothes, jewelry and body parts and pull them into the shaft. This needs guarding, most likely fixed guarding.

57. (d)
Pulleys 7 ft. or less above the floor or platform must be guarded.
Pulleys with cracks or pieces broken out of rims shall not be used.
Belts and pulleys need to be guarded, usually with fixed guarding.
Perform inspections on equipment to make sure they are not damaged. If they are damaged, take out of service and do not use.
Picture shows a worker with their head directly beside and below the unguarded belt and pulley.

58. Gears
Picture shows gears not fully guarded. There is a guard on top of the gears but this does not cover all of the in-running nip points.

59. What’s wrong with this first picture?
Photo shows a chain and sprocket that is completely unguarded. When guarding chains and sprockets and belts and pulleys, make sure you can not reach through, under, over or around or otherwise access the hazard.

60. What’s wrong with this second picture?
Picture shows projecting shaft ends guarded. Moving parts on the left may not be properly guarded.
Source: Wikimedia Commons, point guarding around gear operations of machine, February 28, 2017, Wire Crafters

61. What’s wrong with this third picture?
Picture shows belts and pulleys, chains and sprockets, belts and pulleys, rotating shafts and couplings accessible. Ask class how would they guard this? Possibly put in fixed guards. See next slide

62. What’s wrong with this fourth picture?
Picture shows several rotating parts, belts and pulleys, chains and sprockets, gears rotating shafts, and more.
Ask class now how would you guard the equipment? You would need to guard by distance. Probably a fence.

63. PORTABLE TOOLS

64. Portable Power Tools - General Safety Precautions
Employers responsibility
Safe condition of tools
Including personal tools
(b)
Compressed air not used for cleaning except where reduced to less than 30 p.s.i. and only with effective chip guarding and PPE.
It is the employers responsibility to ensure portable power tools are in safe condition including personal tools that employees are allowed to bring in to work.
Compressed air that is used for cleaning has to be reduced to 30 pounds per square inch gauge. Compressed air used for cleaning must have chip guarding. Employees must wear the proper PPE to protect from the compressed air and flying debris.

65. Wooden Hammer
Shows a picture of a hammer with a broken wooden handle. The hammer head and part of the handle have also been painted blue. Ask the class what is the hazard with this?
This hammer could break causing flying parts to hit someone or something. Do not tape up hammers or paint them because you will not know if it is cracked or has other problems.

66. Power Circular Saws 1910.243 (a)(1) – Portable Circular Saws
Upper blade guard
Lower blade guard
Automatically returns to starting position
Portable circular saws must have an upper blade guard and a lower self adjusting blade guard.
Slide shows picture of a portable circular saw.

67. Power Belt Sanding Machines
Portable belt sanding machines
Guard nip point where belt runs onto pulley
Guard unused run of belt
Guard portable belt sanding machines at the in-running nip points where the belt runs onto the pulley. Also guard all unused portions of the belt.

68. Pneumatic Power Tools and Hose
(b)
Tool Retainer
A tool retainer must be installed on each piece of equipment where ejection could result
Air Hose
Hose and hose connections must be designed for the pressure and service to which they are subjected
A tool retainer is used on equipment when ejection could occur. This means the tool could separate from the air hose.
Air hoses on pneumatic power tools must have the right connections designed for the pressure and service to which they are subjected. They should be inspected for damage and removed from service if they damaged.

69. Pneumatic Tool Connections
UNACCEPTABLE
ACCEPTABLE
HOSE CLAMP
Utilize compressed air hose and connections that are designed and intended for the type and rate of compressed air. Picture on the left shows a radiator style clamp that has slits in it and is not designed for compressed air. The picture on the right shows an air hose connection that is designed for this use. It is crimped onto the hose.

70. Powder Actuated Tools Examples
Picture shows three different types of powder actuated tools.

71. Powder Actuated Tools 1910.243(d)
Must meet requirements in ANSI A
Operators and assistants must wear eye protection
Head and face protection dependent on working conditions
Some of the requirements for powder actuated tools. Discuss with the class how powder actuated tools work.

72. Powder Actuated Tools (Cont.)
Must have protective shield or guard at least 3 ½ inches in diameter.
Firing must be dependent on at least 2 separate and distinct operations.
Firing mechanism must prevent tool from firing during loading, while preparing, if dropped.
Some requirements of powder actuated tools

73. Fasteners/Charges Used in Powder Actuated Tools
Be sure to use the right size charge with the right size fastener
Use the right fasteners for the job and the right charge with the right fastener. If you use a concrete fastener to go through wood, the fastener will go all the way through to the other side. If you use a wood fastener on concrete, the fastener will not go through and will come back at the operator.
Picture on left shows three fasteners: concrete, concrete/wood, wood. Concrete fastener is the largest and the wood fastener is the smallest.
Picture on the right shows three charges.
Specific size = Specific operation

74. Guarded or Not Guarded Activity
In the next couple of slides, look at the photo and indicate whether the equipment is properly guarded or not.
If not, what is the hazard and what type of guarding is needed?
Do this activity as a class. Ask the class if these need guarding. Ask them what the hazard is.

75. Guarded????
Picture on the left shows a partially guarded auger and picture on the right shows a drill press that needs an adjustable guard.

76. Is this Guarded?
This photo on the left shows a properly guarded drill press. It has a protective shield in place.
The picture on the right shows gears that are not guarded.

77. Does This Look Guarded?
This shows equipment that has a guard in place but you can reach over the top of it and around the sides and still access the moving parts.

78. How About Now?
This is the same equipment that was in the last slide from another angle showing the input or output side completely unguarded. This is showing a guard that was not installed so that you can not reach through, around, over or under or otherwise access the hazard.

79. Case Study Discussion Instructor’s Notes
Need a handout for each student.
The hand out is a case study. Have the students read the handout and discuss what the machine guarding hazards are and how to correct them.
Answers:
Machine Shop:
The bench grinder needs a tongue guard adjusted to within 1/4 inch of the grinding wheel, a tool rest adjusted to within 1/8 inch of the grinding wheel, an outer wheel guard and should be anchored to the table.
The drill press and milling machine should have an adjustable guard around the rotating chuck. Both machines should be anchored.
The table saw should have a self-adjusting guard over the blade that remains in contact with the stock.
The band saw should have all unused portions of the blade guarded.
Shipping Area:
In-running nip points should be guarded on the conveyors.
All mechanical transmission apparatus should be guarded on the tape wrapping machines. Also any in-running nip points or other hazardous parts should be guarded.
Production Area:
All mechanical power transmission apparatus must be guarded so that the hazardous parts cannot be accessed by reaching through, under, over or around or otherwise accessing the hazard. This includes the belts and pulleys, gears, rotating shafts, projecting shafts and chains and sprockets.
Fully enclose the projecting shaft ends to eliminate access to hazardous rotating parts. Alternately, you can cut off the projecting shaft ends so they do not project more than ½ the diameter of the shafts. If this option is taken, make sure the shaft ends are completely smooth with no projections, indentations, or anything else that can “grab” objects.
Belts and pulleys, chains and sprockets and gears all have in-running nip points that have to be guarded.
Guards, with openings no larger than ½ inch, must be installed on the floor stand fans.
The mixing tanks should have a guard on them so that the rotating auger is not accessible.
Compressed air hoses must have connections that are designed for this purpose. Refer to equipment manufacturer’s recommendations to ensure you are utilizing the correct hoses and connections for the pressure of compressed air being used.
Temporary Worker Hazards Training

80. Sources for Reference OSHA's website
Standards, presentations, etc.
Machine Guarding e-tool
OSHA's Machine Guarding ETool
Safeguarding Equipment and Protecting Employees from Amputations
Georgia Tech's Safety and Health Consultation Program
Free, on-site safety and health consultation
Completely confidential from OSHA
Not from Georgia? There is a consultation program in every state:
If Internet access is available, instructor should consider going to the OSHA Web site and showing students how to navigate through to some of the machine guarding information available.
References:
OSHA’s website –
OSHA’s Machine Guarding e-tool –
Georgia Tech’s Safety and Health Consultation Program –

81. Questions?
Graphic: light bulb with yellow question mark inside bulb.