1. The Roman Republic and Empire
753 BC
“If I’d lived in Roman times, I’d have lived in Rome. Today, America is the Roman empire, and New York is Rome itself. New York is the center of the earth.” - John Lennon

2. Poccia’s Points to Understanding Rome
Location, Location, Location- Midpoint of Europe and Mediterranean sea made location perfect for empire building
Roman Law-Twelve Tables established fair law for governing empire
Central Government- Central authority based around city of Rome allowed for great expansion
Engineering and Architecture- Best builders and engineers of the time period

4. “ All ROADS lead to ROME!”
Architecture-
Roads
“ All ROADS lead to ROME!”

5. Aqueducts

6. So what is Rome known for?
- Government/ law
- Architecture
- Christianity

9. Geography Midpoint of the Mediterranean Sea
Located on Italian Peninsula
Midway between Alps and tip of Italy
City of Rome built on 7 rolling hills
Geography

10. DENIED Government: Rome was republic Power rests in citizens
Democratic system of government
o Only males could vote
DENIED

11. What is the difference between a republic and a Direct Democracy?

12. A Republican Government In Rome
A form of government in which power rests with citizens who have the right to vote
Different from Direct Democracy as people do not directly vote on government decisions
Vote for representatives to represent their voice
Rome citizens with the right to vote were free-born male citizens

13. Organization of Government:
THREE BRANCHES:
Consuls (2) – controlled army
Senate – created law and policies
Tribune-
Dictator- only in case of emergency, one ruler with absolute power

15. Social Classes: a. Wealthy landowners b. Most power 2)Plebeians
1)Patricians
a. Wealthy landowners
b. Most power
2)Plebeians
a. Common farmer, artist, merchant
b.Majority of population
c. Could not hold high government offices
i.Created Tribunes or assembly to protect rights

17. Law (12 Tables)- Twelve Tables
System of Law, equality under law, rights of the accused ( Codified Law)
Principles all later codes of law would be based on

18. Roman Law:
Historians consider Roman Law to be most significant contribution to western world .
Roman law was based on the concept of JUSTICE and the RIGHTS OF THE INDIVIDUAL
Beliefs:
People should not be accused anonymously
The law should be applied to everyone, rich and poor alike
People should not be punished for what he thinks
People are considered innocent until proven guilty.

19. 12 Tables The earliest record of Roman law
Prior to 12 tables, the rich people (patricians) had more rights than the poor (plebeians).
The plebeians rebelled for their rights to the point that laws that applied equally to everyone were carved in stone.

20. Examples
If you are called to appear in court you have to go.  If you don't you can be arrested and forced to go.
If you need a witness in court and they refuse to go you can stand in front of their house and shout out how they are refusing to do their duty as a citizen.  You can do this once every three days.
Should a tree on a neighbor's farm be bent by the wind and lean over onto your farm, you can go to court and get the tree cut down. If fruit falls from your trees it is yours no matter where it falls.
If you lied in court you would be thrown off of the Tarpeian Rock.
You could not hold a political or business meeting at night.  Dinner parties and religious festivals at night were ok.
Everyone who died had to buried or burned outside the city. Rich people could not marry poor people and vice versa (This law did get changed later.)

21. Military:
All males that own land must serve military

22. Spreading Rome: Eventually took over whole Italian peninsula
Mediterranean Sea allowed for commercial network to grow increase influence and power create new enemies
Carthage: African Empire

24. Punic Wars: 264 BC
War started over Carthage attempting to control all of Sicily
Rome fights Empire of Carthage in North Africa
- Hannibal of Carthage
- Roman Triumph
o Complete control of West Mediterranean

26. End of the Republic
Republic had spread all across Mediterranean region
Battle between rich and poor created problems
High taxes had lead to numerous rebellions throughout the republic
They had to be stopped or republic would fall

27. Triumvirate - 3 major leaders of Council will select a dictator
Julius Caesar,
Marcus Licinius Crassus,
Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (Pompey)

28. Famous Leader
Julius Caesar- military genius and future dictator of Rome
became a dictator with ABSOLUTE POWER

29. Caesar’s power threatened power of Senate had him assassinated in 44 BC.
Civil war followed

31. Who will come out on top?

32. 2nd Triumvirate : Octavian vs Marc Anthony vs Marcus Aemilius Lepidus

33. Beginning of the Roman Empire
Augustus Caesar (Octavian)- 1st emperor
Pax Romana – “Roman Peace” – 207 years of peace from 27 BC. To 180 ad
o Why did this happen?
Stable government

36. Economy:
Most were tradesman or farmers
90% were farmers

37. Slavery: Remember the movie Gladiator? Most were conquered people
Made up one third of empire

38. Eventually Empire becomes too big to manage
Emperor Diocletian splits empire in to 2 parts: East and West

43. The Growth of Christianity
Founder: Jesus of Nazareth
Sect of Judaism
Preached salvation for all (not just Hebrews)
Holy Bible = (Torah (old testament) + Teaching of Jesus (new testament)
Follow the 10 commandments

44. Religion: Before Christianity hit Rome they were polytheistic Gods such as Jupiter, Lares

45. Christianity
For years Jew, Pagans, and Christians fought over religion in Rome -

46. Edict of Milan – 313 ad
As Christianity grew, the traditional Pagan Romans and Christians clashed
In order to save his empire, Constantine proclaimed religious tolerance

47. Emperor Constantine declared it an acceptable religion of Roman Empire
o Would eventually become official religion of Rome
-Constantine moves capital to Constantinople (Modern day Turkey)

48. Arguments begin between east and West
At one time there was 3 popes!

49. Decline of the Empire
Over time, soldier became less loyal to Rome and more to commanders
Empire was too big to control and monitor
Government had become corrupt
- Food Shortages/ bad harvests
Gap between rich and poor
Western half of Empire falls to Germanic invasions in 476 AD
Eastern half will eventually become Byzantine Empire

50. Legacy:
Arts- Realistic sculptures

51. Language – Latin

52. “ All ROADS lead to ROME!”
Architecture-
Roads
“ All ROADS lead to ROME!”

54. Aqueducts

55. Arch

56. The Coliseum

57. The Twelve Tables
Innocent until proven guilty.

58. The Forum

59. Cement

60. Domes

61. Law (12 Tables)-
system of Law, equality under law, rights of the accused ( Codified Laws)
(12 Tables)

62. Circus Maximus

63. Pantheon

64. So what happened to the Roman Empire?

65. Greece vs. Rome Arch, Dome, Aqueducts
Representative Democracy (Republic)
Roman Empire
Anatomically correct sculptures
Christianity
12 Tables
Latin
Column
Direct Democracy (Athens)
Sculptures
Alexander’s Empire
Polytheistic
Astronomy
Pericles
Hellenistic Culture
Math

66. In the end, the civilization of ancient Rome is known for several things:
the hugeness of the Empire;
the success of the well-trained armies;
the massive, impressive structures and construction, such as roads, aqueducts, baths, the Forum, and temples;
the struggle with and then embracement of Christianity;
the spreading of Roman writing, laws, trade practices and ideals and, especially, of Greek ideals to the rest of the known world;
the terrible tragedies of slavery and conquest on which the civilization was ultimately based;
the dramatic way in which the Empire collapsed, serving as an example for generations afterward