1. Chapter 23: Substituted Hydrocarbons and their Reactions.
Section 1: Functional group. Made by Tho Ngo

2. Very important table to know!
A functional group = an organic molecule is an atom or group of atoms that always reacts in a certain way.
Very important table to know!

3. Halocarbon = Any organic compound that contain a halogen substituent
Alkyl halide = an organic compound containing a halogen atom covalently bonded to an aliphatic carbon atom.
Aryl Halide = an organic compound containing a halogen atom bonded to a benzene ring or other aromatic group.

4. Properties and users of Halocarbons The main idea is that the boiling point increases as the density increases (adding a halogen that in lower on the periodic table).

5. Substitution reaction = one in which one atom or a group of atom in a molecule replaced by another atom or group of atom.
Halogenation = with alkanes, hydrogen atoms may be replaced by atoms of halogens, typically chlorine or bromine in a process
+ Cl2 ->
HCL
Hydroxyl group (OH-) = an oxygen- hydrogen group covalently bonded to a carbon atom
Alcohol = an organic compound in which a hydroxyl group replaces a hydrogen atom of a hydrocarbon

6. 1- butanol
cyclohexanol

7. ethyl ether ethylmethyl ether cyclohexyl ether
Ether = is an organic compounds in which oxygen is bonded to carbon.
ethyl ether
ethylmethyl ether
cyclohexyl ether

8. 1,3-propanediaamine Aniline cyclohexylamine
Amines = contain nitrogen atoms bonded to carbon atoms in aliphatic chains or aromatic rings and have the general formula R-NH2 H
1,3-propanediaamine H
Aniline
cyclohexylamine

9. Section 3: Carbonyl Compound Made by Jenny Cao
1/ Carbonyl group= the arrangement in which an oxygen atom is double-bonded to a carbon atom.
Aldehydes
Ketones

10. a/ Aldehydes = an organic compound in which a carbonyl group located at the end of a carbon chain is bonded to a carbon atom on one side and a hydrogen on the other. * CHO where [*]: an alkyl group or carbon ring or H.

11. Methanal (formaldehyde)
** Name:
Change the final –e of alkenes to –al.
Methanal (formaldehyde)
Aldehyde ALWAYS occurs at the end  no number if it doesn’t have branch or group.

12. b/ Ketones= an organic compound in which the carbon of the carbonyl group bonded to two other C R and R’ : carbon chain or rings.

13. Name: Change -e to –one. Including a number before the name
** Name: Change -e to –one Including a number before the name. ** The carbonyl group can be located only in the center.

14. 2/ Carboxylic Acids= an organic compound that has a carboxyl group
2/ Carboxylic Acids= an organic compound that has a carboxyl group. Carboxyl group= consists of a carbonyl group bonded to a hydroxyl group.

15. ** Name: Change the –ane to –anoic acid. Ethanoic acid (acetic acid)

16. 3/ Organic Compounds Derived From Carboxylic Acids: a/ Ester= any organic compound with a carboxyl group in which the hydrogen of the hydroxyl group has been replaced by an alkyl group.

17. ** Name: Change the name of the acid –ic acid to –ate.

18. b/ Amines = an organic compound in which the –OH group of a carboxylic acid is replaced by a N bonded to the other atoms.

19. ** Name: Change –e of the alane to –amide. elthanamide

20. Polymers
Tom Vo

21. Plastic bags
Plastic cups
Nylon and polyester fabrics
Vinyl siding on building
Foam cushion
Raincoat
Etc………

22. Polymers are large molecules consisting off many repeating structural unit

25. Reactions used to make polymers
A monomer is a molecule from which a polymer is made
A reaction in which monomer units are bonded together to from a polymer is called a Polymerization reaction

27. Materials made from Polymers
Properties of polymers:
A plastic is a polymer that can be heated and molded while relatively soft
A thermoplastic polymer is one that can be melted and molded repeatedly into shapes that are retained when it cooled (ex: Polyethylene, Nylon)
A thermosetting polymer is one that con be molded when it is first prepared, but when cool cannot be remelted, thermosetting polymers begin to form networks of bonds in many directions when they are synthesized

28. Recycling polymers:
The starting materials for the synthesis of most polymers are derived from fossil fuels
Thermosetting polymers are more difficult to recycle than thermoplastic polymers
Only 1% of the plastic waste we produce in the US is recycled now