1. 第八章 細胞分裂與有絲分裂 前言

3. chromosome (unduplicated) in a cell at interphase
same chromosome (duplicated)
in interphase prior to mitosis
mitosis, cytoplasmic division
Fig. 8.6, p. 131
chromosome (unduplicated)
in a daughter cell at interphase
chromosome (unduplicated)
in a daughter cell at interphase

4. 分裂的細胞: 世代間的橋樑
分裂機制的概觀
有關染色體的要點
有絲分裂與染色體的數目

5. 細胞的分裂
有絲分裂 (Mitosis) vs.
減數分裂 (Meiosis)
體細胞 (Somatic cell) vs.
生殖細胞 (Germ cell)

6. Prokaryotic organisms
Division Mechanisms
Eukaryotic organisms
Mitosis
Meiosis
Prokaryotic organisms
Prokaryotic fission

7. Roles of Mitosis Multicelled organisms
Growth
Cell replacement
Some protistans, fungi, plants, animals
Asexual reproduction

8. 細看染色體
姊妹染色分體
著絲粒

9. Organization of Chromosomes
DNA
one nucleosome
DNA and proteins
arranged as cylindrical fiber
histone

13. One nucleosome
DNA
core of
histone
Fig. 8.3, p. 129

14. 單套 (Haploid) vs. 雙套 (Diploid)
有絲分裂與染色體的數目
單套 (Haploid) vs. 雙套 (Diploid)
Sum total of chromosomes in a cell
Somatic cells
Chromosome number is diploid (2n)
Two of each type of chromosome
Gametes
Chromosome number is haploid (n)
One of each chromosome type

15. Human Chromosome Number
Diploid chromosome number (n) = 46
Two sets of 23 chromosomes each
One set from father
One set from mother
Mitosis produces cells with 46 chromosomes--two of each type

16. Lots of DNA
Stretched out, the DNA from one human somatic cell would be more than two meters long
A single line of DNA from a salamander cell would extend for ten meters

17. 細胞週期 (Cell Cycle)

19. Spindle Apparatus one spindle pole one of the condensed chromosomes
spindle equator
microtubules organized
as a spindle apparatus
one spindle pole

20. Interphase Usually longest part of the cycle Cell increases in mass
Number of cytoplasmic components doubles
DNA is duplicated

21. Stages of Interphase G1 S G2 Interval or gap after cell division
Time of DNA synthesis (replication) G2
Interval or gap after DNA replication

23. Control of the Cycle
Once S begins, the cycle automatically runs through G2 and mitosis
The cycle has a built-in molecular brake in G1
Cancer involves a loss of control over the cycle, malfunction of the “brakes”

24. Stopping the Cycle Some cells normally stop in interphase
Neurons in human brain
Arrested cells do not divide
Adverse conditions can stop cycle
Nutrient-deprived amoebas get stuck in interphase

25. 有絲分裂之階段
前期 (Prophase)
中期 (Metaphase)
後期 (Anaphase)
末期 (Telophase)

26. 前期:有絲分裂之開始

27. 過度到中期
後期到末期

28. 胞質分裂 (Cytokinesis;
Cytoplasmic division)
植物有細胞板的形成
動物細胞的胞質分裂

29. 植物: 細胞板 (Cell plate) 的形成

30. 動物細胞的胞質分裂
分割溝 (Cleavage furrow)

32. Culturing Cells
Growing cells in culture allows researchers to investigate processes and test treatments without danger to patients
Most cells cannot be grown in culture