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CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna & Flora
Concluded 1973 in Washington DC Entered into force 1975 183 Parties EU: 28 parties (15%) [27 after Brexit??]
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Objective Ensuring international cooperation of Parties to prevent international trade in wild animals and plants from threatening their survival
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30,000 plants and 5,800 animals listed in 3 Appendices
Operates through mandatory licensing Permits issued for trade Conditions Non-detriment finding Legal acquisition finding Welfare conditions
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Appendix I Appendix II Appendix III “Black” list “Grey” list
1003 species Appendix II 34,596 species Appendix III 202 species “Black” list Prohibited species “Grey” list controlled species “Unilateral” list least controlled
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Appendix I All species threatened with extinction which are or may be affected by trade Only exceptional trade allowed No commercial trade Strictest conditions for permits
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Appendix II All species not necessarily threatened with extinction but may become so if trade is not subject to strict regulation Commercial trade allowed Permit conditions less strict
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Appendix III Species listed unilaterally by countries who want international assistance to control trade Permit conditions weakest
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Gorilla gorilla Appendix I
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Diceros bicornis- black rhino Appendix I
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Brookesia perarmata spiny dwarf chameleon Appendix I
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Chelonia mydas green turtle Appendix I
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Hippopotamus amphibius Appendix II
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Rhincodon typus whale shark Appendix II
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Carcharodon carcharias Appendix II
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Brookesia minima Appendix II
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Prunus africana Appendix II
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Legal framework – two levels
The Convention Basic framework & rules to implement CITES Binding on Parties Includes Appendices Resolutions & Decisions Recommendations to guide implementation, ensure enforcement & compliance Allow evolution of CITES rules
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Recommendations Resolutions Decisions Long-term
Guide implementation over several years In effect until repealed by CoP Decisions Short-term Instructions to Parties, Committees, Secretariat In effect until next CoP (sometimes longer)
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Party obligations - binding
Designate national Management & Scientific Authorities Implement mandatory licensing Prohibit & penalise trade violating CITES Confiscate specimens illegally traded or possessed Submit annual and biennial reports
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Conference of the Parties
Institutions Conference of the Parties Animals Committee Secretariat Standing Committee Plants Committee
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Institutions Conference of the Parties – supreme governing body
Standing Committee – executive body Technical committees – advisory bodies Animals Committee (biologists) Plants Committee (botanists) Secretariat – administrative body (UNEP)
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Conference of the Parties (CoP)
All Parties Meets every 3 years Decides Appendix I & II listings Listing proposals Agrees Resolutions & Decisions Working documents
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Standing Committee 16 regional representatives from Management Authorities Meets 2x between CoP meetings (& before and after CoP) Makes decisions between CoPs
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Animals & Plants Committees
11 members Experts from Scientific Authorities Meet 2x between CoPs Advise on scientific & technical issues
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CoP18 – organization Plenary Committee I Committee II
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CoP18 Committees Committee I Committee II
Species & conservation issues Amendments to Appendix I & II Committee II Strategic & administrative issues Interpretation & implementation of the Convention Compliance & enforcement
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CoP18 – order of business “Round 1” “Round 2”
Plenary opens meeting & adopts agenda Committees I & II meet in parallel Debate agenda items Establish working groups Produce Com docs (final drafts) “Round 2” Plenary decides on Com docs – no debate Can re-open debate in plenary with 1/3 support
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Participants Parties delegations Observers Secretariat & UNEP
Non-Parties Inter-governmental organizations Representatives of other treaties Approved NGOs Secretariat & UNEP
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Voting One Party, one vote Only Parties with credentials can vote
Usually by show of hands Any Party can call roll call vote Any Party can request secret ballot Seconded by 10 Parties Shall not normally be used (transparency)
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Voting Amendments of App I & II Resolutions & Decisions
2/3 majority of Parties present and voting Yes & No votes; abstentions don’t count Procedural issues – conduct of meeting Simple majority
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Loxodonta africana African elephant Appendix I & II (split listing)
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