1. Copernicus’ revolution
Heliocentric model

3. Brahe’s observations

4. Kepler’s 3 laws Brahe’s observations planets’ orbits are eccentric
A planet sweeps out an equal
area per equal time interval
3) Period square is proportional
to the semi major axis cube

5. Kepler’s 3 laws Shape of orbit Comparison of orbits P2 = Ka3
Rate of change

6. Order within the solar system

7. Venus: a close planet to the Sun

8. Galileo’s proof of heliocentric model
Phases of venus

9. Galileo: inertia & acceleration
Acceleration = rate of
change of speed.

10. Galileo’s contributions
Lunar craters, moons of
Jupiter, & sunspots

11. Controversy: religion vs science
Holy inquisition
Giordano Bruno

12. Scientific method

14. Newton’s first and second laws
Velocity = speed x direction
F= mass x
acceleration
Acceleration is
a change in speed
or direction

15. Newton’s third laws

16. Angular momentum
Angular momentum = mass x speed x radius

17. Conservation of angular momentum

18. Orbital acceleration Acceleration = V2 / r
Measure the magnitude of the force
Force= m V2 / r

19. Universal gravitation
G is a constant

20. Age of Enlightenment Newton (1642-1727)
Forces as the agents of change: F = ma
Mass as the source of the force of gravitation: F = GMm/r2.
g = 9.8 m s-2 for apple at surface of Earth.
a = vM2/rM = (2)2rM/PM2 = g/3600 = g/(60)2.
g = GME/RE2; get G if know ME.
Invention of reflecting telescope
Invention of calculus
Discovery of colors of white light
Invention of spectroscopy
Epitaph by Alexander Pope: “Nature and Nature’s laws lay hid in night, God said, ‘Let Newton be,’ and all was light.”

21. Newton: calculus, color, sound, coins

22. Orbits and trajectories
Circular orbit:
V2 /R = G M/R2
Period=2p R/V
=2p (R3 /GM)1/2

23. Trajectory and orbits

24. Tidal forces

25. Escape speed

26. Gravitation & relativity
Principle of equivalence between force and acceleration

27. Principle of equivalence

28. Warped space time
Black holes

29. Bending of light paths
Black holes

30. Philosophical implications
observation
paradox
hypothesis
prediction
tests
inconsistency
verification
Science and mathematics are axiomatic
It works on the principle of self consistency
It cannot prove the absolute truth