1. Sleep Disorders

2. Two Major Categories*
Dyssomnias
Parasomnias

3. Dyssomnias The sleep itself is pretty normal.
But the client sleeps too little, too much, or at the wrong time.

4. Parasomnias
Something abnormal occurs during sleep itself, or during the times when the client is falling asleep or waking up (e.g., bad dreams.

5. I. Primary Sleep Disorders (cont.)
A. Insomnia (too little sleep)
Often due to:
Major Depressive Episode or anxiety disorder
Commonly misused substances, as well as some prescription medicines.
Breathing-related problems

6. I. Primary Sleep Disorders
Dyssomnias
Hypersomnia (sleeping too much, as well as being drowsy at times when client should be alert)
Excessive sleepiness
Persists for 1 month or longer

7. I. Primary Sleep Disorders (cont.)
B. Primary Hypersomnia (too much sleep) (cont.)
Often due to:
Major Depressive Episode, Dysthymic Disorder with atypical features
Use of substances is less likely to produce hyersomnia than insomnia, but it can happen.

8. I. Primary Sleep Disorders
Dyssomnias
C. Narcolepsy (Sleeping at the wrong time)
Characteristics
Sleep intrudes into wakefulness, causing clients to fall asleep almost instantly
Sleep is brief but refreshing

9. I. Primary Sleep Disorders
Dyssomnias
D. Breathing-Related Sleep Disorder
Characteristics
Sleep disruption (excessive sleepiness or insomnia)
Due to sleep-related breathing condition (e.g., Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome)

10. I. Primary Sleep Disorders
Dyssomnias
E. Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorder Characteristics
Persistent or recurrent pattern of sleep disruption leading to excessive sleepiness or insomnia, due to mismatch between sleep-wake schedule.

11. I. Primary Sleep Disorders
Parasomnias
Nightmare Disorder
Characteristics:
(1) Repeated awakenings from bad dreams
(2) When awakened client becomes oriented and alert

12. I. Primary Sleep Disorders
Parasomnias
A. Information about Nightmare Disorder
The same nightmare may recur repeatedly or different ones may pop up three times a week.
Stress may induce 60% of nightmares.
Half of the cases of nightmare disorder appear before age 10; 2/3 before age 20.
Dreams are clearly remembered

13. I. Primary Sleep Disorders
Parasomnias
Sleep Terror Disorder
Characteristics:
(1) Abrupt awakening from sleep, usually beginning with a panicky scream or cry.
(2) Intense fear and signs of autonomic
arousal
(3) Unresponsive to efforts from other to calm
client

14. I. Primary Sleep Disorders
Parasomnias
C. Sleepwalking Disorder
Characteristics:
(1) Rising from bed during sleep and walking about.
(2) Usually occurs early in the night.
(3) On awakening, the person has amnesia for episode

15. I. Primary Sleep Disorders
Parasomnias
C. Sleepwalking Disorder
Treatment:
Relaxation techniques
Biofeedback training
Hypnosis.
May need to sleep on the ground floor, have outside doors securely locked, and have car keys unavailable.

16. I. Primary Sleep Disorders
Parasomnias D.
Examples
Sleep-Talking: Often more annoying to partner than to sleeper. No memory of what you said.
Sleep paralysis: inability to perform voluntary movement during the transition between waking and sleep. Usually associated with extreme anxiety, and sometimes fear of impending death.

17. Top 10 Sleep Disorders