1. Understanding Core Database Concepts
Lesson 1

2. Objectives

3. Database
A database (db) is an organized collection of data, typically stored in electronic format.
It allows you to input data, organize the data and retrieve the data quickly.
Traditional databases are organized by fields, records, and files.

4. Database Files
Microsoft SQL server uses three types of files to store the database:
Primary data files, with an .mdf extension, which contain user-defined objects, such as tables and views, as well as system tables.
Secondary data files, with an .ndf extension, on separate physical hard disks to give your database more room.
Transaction log files use an .ldf extension and don’t contain any objects such as tables or views.

5. Database Management System (DBMS)
Most users do not access the databases directly, Instead, users use a database management system (DBMS) to access the databases indirectly.
DBMS is a collection of programs that enables you to enter, organize, and select data in a database.
For example, a ticket agent may run a ticket system program on his or her desk computer which will, in turn, access the database.

6. Types of Databases
A flat type database are considered flat because they are two dimensional tables consisting of rows and columns.
A hierarchical database design is similar to a tree structure (such as a family tree).
Each parent can have multiple children, but each child can have only one parent.
A relational database is similar to a hierarchical database in that data is stored in tables and any new information is automatically added into the table without the need to reorganize the table itself.
Different from hierarchical database, a table in a relational database can have multiple parents.

7. Database Servers
Databases are often found on database servers so that they can be accessed by multiple users and to provide a high-level of performance.
A popular database server is Microsoft SQL Server.

8. Constraints
Constraints are limitations or rules placed on a field or column to ensure that data that is considered invalid is not entered.

9. SQL Server Management Studio (SSMS)
The central feature of SSMS is the Object Explorer, which allows the user to browse, select and manage any of the objects within the server.

10. SQL Server Management Studio (SSMS)

11. Data Manipulation Language (DML)
Data Manipulation Language (DML) is the language element which allows you to use the core statements:
SELECT: Retrieves rows from the database and enables the selection of one or many rows or columns from one or many tables in SQL Server.
INSERT: Adds one or more new rows to a table or a view in SQL Server.
UPDATE: Changes existing data in one or more columns in a table or view.
DELETE: Removes rows from a table or view.
MERGE: Performs insert, update, or delete operations on a target table based on the results of a join with a source table.

12. Data Definition Language (DDL)
Data Definition Language (DDL) is a subset of the Transact-SQL language.
It deals with creating database objects like tables, constraints, and stored procedures.
Some DDL commands include:
USE: Changes the database context.
CREATE: Creates a SQL Server database object (table, view or stored procedure)
ALTER: Changes an existing object
DROP: Removes an object from the database

13. System Tables
System views belong to the sys schema. Some of these system tables include:
sys.Tables
sys.Columns
sys.Databases
sys.Constraints
sys.Views
sys.Procedures
sys.Indexes
sys.Triggers
sys.Objects

14. Summary
A database (db) is an organized collection of data, typically stored in electronic format. It allows you to input data, organize the data and retrieve the data quickly.
SQL Server uses three types of files to store the database. Primary data files, with an .mdf extension, are the first files created in a database and can contain user-defined objects, such as tables and views, as well as system tables that SQL Server requires for keeping track of the database.

15. Summary
If the database gets too big and you run out of room on your first hard disk, you can create secondary data files, with an .ndf extension, on separate physical hard disks to give your database more room.
The third type of file is a transaction log file. Transaction log files use an .ldf extension and don’t contain any objects such as tables or views.

16. Summary
To retrieve data within a database, you would run a database query, which is an inquiry into the database in order to get information back from the database. In other words, a query is used to ask for information from the database and data is returned.
A database index is a data structure that improves the speed of data retrieval operations on a database table.
Most users do not access the databases directly, Instead, users use a database management system (DBMS) to access the databases indirectly.

17. Summary
A flat type database is very simplistic in design. They are most commonly used in plain text formats, as their purpose is to hold one record per line, making the access performance and queries very quick.
Tables, used to store data, are two dimensional objects consisting of rows and columns.
A hierarchical database design is similar to a tree structure (such as a family tree). Each parent can have multiple children, but each child can have only one parent.

18. Summary
A relational database is similar to a hierarchical database in that data is stored in tables and any new information is automatically added into the table without the need to reorganize the table itself. Different from hierarchical database, a table in a relational database can have multiple parents.
Databases are often found on database servers so that they can be accessed by multiple users and to provide a high-level of performance. A popular database server runs Microsoft SQL Server.

19. Summary
Constraints are limitations or rules placed on a field or column to ensure that data that is considered invalid is not entered.
The SQL Server Management Studio (SSMS) is the primary tool to manage the server and its databases using a graphical interface.

20. Summary
Data Manipulation Language (DML) is the language element which allows you to use the core statements: INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, and MERGE to manipulate data in any SQL Server tables.
Data Definition Language (DDL) is a subset of the Transact-SQL language; it deals with creating database objects like tables, constraints, and stored procedures.