1. public goods
econ 1

2. Rival and excludable goods
Rivalry: The use of a good reduces the amount available to others.
Non-excludable goods: it is physically impossible to prevent anyone from using or being affected by the good.
Club good: excludable and non-rival.

3. public and private public good: collective, non-rival
private good: individually used, rival
territorial good: a good which affects a particular territory.
beneficial territorial goods generate land rent.
most users are local and pay rent.

4. private communities .

5. Market success in public goods
Private communities: homeowner associations, condominiums, co-ops, land trusts, shopping centers, apartment houses.
They efficiently collect rentals to pay for the public goods.
There are no free riders, and no double billing.

6. Sympathy
A feeling of affinity, accord, and empathy with a person, group, culture, organization, cause, or other entity.
In the USA, churches are paid for from donations caused by sympathy.
Benevolent donations can pay for non-excludable public goods such as religion.