1. Biochemistry 3.1 Carbon Compounds 3.2 Molecules of Life
Chapter 3
Biochemistry
3.1 Carbon Compounds
3.2 Molecules of Life

2. Carbon Compounds Life on earth is “carbon based”
Carbon can make millions of different molecules
Carbon always makes 4 bonds, has 4 outer electrons
Carbon compounds are called “organic compounds”
Three forms or shapes
1. Straight Chains 2. Branched Chains
3. Rings
Carbon can single, double or triple bond to other carbon

3. Functional Groups
1. Hydroxyl – can make molecules polar and stick together
2. Carboxyl – to make fats and protein
3. Amino – found in proteins
4. Phosphate – for energy storage and release

4. Large Carbon Molecules
Monomer = one unit
Polymer = many units = macromolecules
Condensation Reactions (Dehydration)
Link monomers together by removing water molecules
Hydrolysis Reactions
Break macromolecules down into monomers by adding water molecules

5. Sec 2 – Molecules of Life 4 Major Categories
1. Carbohydrates – sugar and starch
2. Proteins – meat and beans
3. Lipids – fats
4. Nucleic Acids – DNA and RNA

6. 1. Carbohydrates C H O Carbon : Hydrogen : Oxygen 1:2:1 ratio
Saccharide = Sugar
Either monosaccharide, disaccharide or polysaccharide
one two many
energy energy energy/structure
Animals store carbohydrates as glycogen
Plants store carbohydrates as starch and cellulose
Polysaccharides are chains of sugar put together by dehydrations reactions

7. 2. Proteins C H O N
Made of many amino acid monomers, like trains are made up of connected parts.
20 different amino acids can make millions of proteins
Each amino acid is a carbon bonded to 4 groups
amino group, carboxyl, hydrogen AND one variable
Polypeptides are chains of amino acids put together by dehydrations reactions

8. 3. Lipids C H O Large, nonpolar and don’t dissolve in water
Like carbohydrates but less oxygen, more carbon and oxygen
Fatty Acids are made of long carbon chains with one polar and one nonpolar end
Polar likes water = hydrophillic = water lover
Nonpolar hates water = hydrophobic = water fearer
Can be saturated (full of hydrogen) or unsaturated (room for more hydrogen) single or double bonds

9. 3. Lipids Triglycerides = glycerol and 3 fatty acid chains
Phospholipids = glycerol and 2 fatty acid chains
AND a phosphate group
Phospholipids make up cell membranes
Other lipids include waxes and steroids

10. 4. Nucleic Acids C H O N
Some of the largest and most complex molecules
DNA and RNA
These store the information of life and direct all cellular activities
These are still polymers made from many repeating monomers linked together by dehydration reactions
The monomers are called nucleotides and are made from a sugar, phosphate and a base

11. Test Prep Answers p.63
1.D
2. G
3. B
4. F
5. D
6. J
7. B
8. G
Short Response: The proteins change shape when heated and tangle together make more of a solid.
Extended Response:
a. Allow reactions to occur or occur faster
b. When a substrate binds the enzyme, the enzyme changes shape weakening some bonds or forcing other to form
Answering questions on p.62 is a very good idea, see me for help
All vocabulary are important