1. Software

2. Sources
Hardware and Software
Kenneth C. Laudon, Jane P. Laudon, Management Information Systems, Chapter 6

3. What is Software?
SW is the collection of computer programs and related data that provide the instructions telling a computer what to do and how to do it.

4. Examples of computer software
System software includes operating systems, which govern computing resources.
Application software includes end-user applications of computers such as word processors or video games.
Testware is software for testing hardware.
Device drivers control parts of computers such as disk drives, printers, or CD drives.
Programming languages can be used to create programs that can be performed by a computer.
Programming tools help conduct computing tasks in any category listed above.

5. Types of Software System Software Application Software
Each type of software must be specially designed to a specific machine to ensure its compatibility.

6. Types of Software System software a set of generalized programs
manages the resources of the computer (e.g., CPU, input/output/storage devices)
mediates between application software and computer hardware
Application software
programs to perform specific functions specified by end users (e.g. Excel, Word, Access, PowerPoint, and so on)
must work through the system software to operate the computer hardware

7. Types of Software
The relationship between the system software, application software, and users can be illustrated by an areas of nested boxes.
System software— consisting of operating systems, language translators, and utility programs which control access to the hardware.
Application software, such as the programming languages and “fourth-generation” languages, must operate through the system software to work.
The users in general interact primarily with the application software.

8. System Software
System software coordinates the various parts of the computer system and mediates between application software and computer hardware.
The system software that manages and controls the computer’s activities is called the operating system.
Other system software consists of computer language translation programs that convert programming languages into machine language and utility programs that perform common processing tasks.

9. Types of System Software
Operating Systems (OS)
Language Translators
Utility Programs

10. Operating System
Operating System is a software, which makes a computer to actually work. It is the software the enables all the programs we use.
The Operating System organizes and controls the hardware.
Operating System acts as an interface between the application programs and the machine hardware.
Examples: Windows, Linux, Unix and Mac OS, etc.,

11. Three Major Functions of Operating System
allocates and assigns system resources
memory and input/output management.
schedules the use of computer resources and computer tasks
prioritization of tasks.
monitors computer system activities
tracking status of tasks;
performs error control;
provides system security.

12. Allocation and Assignment
The Operating System allocates resources to the application tasks in the execution queue.
It provides locations in primary memory for data and programs and controls the input and output devices such as printers and telecommunication links.

13. Scheduling
Thousands of pieces of work can be going on in a computer at the same time.
The Operating System decides when to schedule the tasks that have been submitted and when to coordinate the scheduling in various areas of the computer so that different parts of different tasks can be worked on at the same time.
The Operating System must schedule these tasks according to organizational priorities. For example, on-line order processing may have priority over a task to generate mailing lists and labels.

14. Monitoring
The Operating System monitors the activities of the computer system.
It keeps track of each computer task and may also keeps track of who is using the system, of what programs have been run, and of any unauthorized attempts to access the system.

15. Capabilities of Operating System
Multiprogramming (Multitasking)
Multiprocessing
Virtual storage
Time sharing

16. Multiprogramming (Multitasking)
A method of executing multiple programs concurrently using the same computer;
Two or more programs are active at the same time, but they do not use the same computer resources simultaneously;
Example: CPU executing one program while input/output needs of other programs are serviced
Switching among programs occurs rapidly giving the impression that all programs are executing simultaneously.

17. MULTIPROGRAMMING ENVIRONMENT (WINDOWS)
OPERATING SYSTEM
UNUSED MEMORY
PROGRAM 1
PROGRAM 2
PROGRAM 3
MULTIPROGRAMMING ENVIRONMENT (WINDOWS)
TRADITIONAL SINGLE-PROGRAM SYSTEM (DOS)
OPERATING SYSTEM
UNUSED MEMORY
PROGRAM 1
On this slide you see two different OS

18. Multiprogramming (Multitasking)
Multiprogramming is the most important Operating System capability for sharing computer resources.
Multiprogramming on single-user operating systems such as those in personal computers is called multitasking.
For example, writing a letter with Word while using Excel.

19. Multiprocessing Two or more parallel processors in system;
Program can be divided to be processed by multiple CPUs;
Can process large programs more rapidly (e.g., supercomputing).

20. Virtual storage
primary memory appears to the user to be larger than it really is;
technique for handling programs efficiently;
dividing programs into small fixed-portions (pages) or variable-length portions (segments) with only a small portion stored in primary memory at one time;
CPU is utilized more fully;
large size and number of programs can be executed.

21. Time sharing Time sharing allows to:
share of computer resources by many users simultaneously by spending a fixed amount of CPU time (e.g. time slice of 2 milliseconds) on each user before moving to the next user;
as CPU operates in nanoseconds, much work can be accomplished within 2 milliseconds.

22. PC Operating Systems DOS (PC-DOS, MS-DOS)
for old PCs, no multitasking, command driven.
Windows series for PCs (e.g. 95, 98, Me )
streamlined GUI, multitasking, networking
Windows NT (Windows 2000, XP, Vista, 7)
for PCs, workstations, servers, multitasking/processing, intensive networking.
Windows Mobile
for handheld PCs, wireless devices.
Let’s review several operating systems
Older PC operating systems such as DOS, were command-driven, requiring the user to type in text-based commands using a keyboard.
=======================
Windows 98 features multitasking, and powerful networking capabilities. Windows 98 is faster and more integrated with the Internet than Windows 95.
Microsoft has provided an enhanced Windows operating system for consumer users called Windows Millennium Edition (Windows Me). It features tools to let users edit video recordings and put them up on the Web.
==============
Windows 2000 is another 32-bit operating system developed by Microsoft with features that make it appropriate for applications in large networked organizations.
Windows XP (for eXPerience) combines the reliability and robustness [ро’бастнесс]of Windows
2000 with the ease of use of Windows 98/Me. The Windows XP Home Edition is for home
users and the Windows XP Professional Edition targets [таргетс]mobile and business users.
==========
Windows Mobile is a mobile operating system developed by Microsoft that was for use in smartphones and mobile devices

23. PC Operating Systems IBM’s OS/2 for PCs, multitasking, networking Unix
for powerful PCs, workstations, minicomputers
multitasking, multi-user processing, networking
Linux
free, reliable alternative to Unix and Windows NT
provides source code that can be modified by developers (open source software)
Macintosh OS X
for Macintosh, multitasking, networking, powerful multimedia capabilities
OS/2 Operating system for IBM PCs that can take advantage of the 32-bit microprocessor. Supports multitasking and networking.
===========
Unix - Used for powerful PCs, workstations, and midrange computers. Supports multitasking, multiuser processing, and networking. Is portable to different models of computer hardware.
=========
Linux - Free, reliable alternative to Unix and Windows 2000 OS that runs on many different types of computer hardware and provides source code that can be modified by software developers.
Macintosh OS - Operating system for the Macintosh computer. Supports networking and multitasking and has powerful multimedia capabilities. Supports connecting to and publishing on the Internet.

24. Utility Programs
Prewritten programs that can be shared by all users of a computer system and can be used rapidly in many different applications when requested;
Used for routine, repetitive tasks
Copying, setting up new files, deleting old files, formatting diskettes and so on.

25. For example all these utilities help to organize Hard drive

26. On this slide you see different antiviruses programs for total security of the system

27. All these programs provide security for your computer

28. Application Software
is computer software designed to help the user to perform singular or multiple related specific tasks.
It helps to solve problems in the real world.
Many programming languages (e.g. Delphi, VBA, C++, Java etc.) can be used to develop application software.

29. Application software classification
Data Management
Contact Management (Outlook)
Spreadsheet (MS Excel)
Personal Database (MS Access)
Documentation
Word Processing (MS Word)
Desktop publishing software (Adobe PageMaker)
Diagramming Software (Microsoft Visio)
Presentation software (MS PowerPoint)
Information worker software addresses the needs of individuals to create and manage information, often for individual projects within a department, in contrast to enterprise management. Examples include time management, resource management, documentation tools, analytical, and collaborative. Word processors, spreadsheets, , personal information system, and individual media editors may aid in multiple information worker tasks.

31. Application software classification
Collaborative and Content access software
(Outlook express)
Web browser (Internet explorer)
Media Players
Entertainment software
Digital pets
Personal computer games
Mobile games
Collaborative and Content access software is software used primarily to access content without editing, but may include software that allows for content editing.
Examples include Media Players, Web Browsers, Help browsers, and Games.
Such software addresses the needs of individuals and groups to consume digital entertainment and published digital content.

32. Application software classification
Media development software
3D computer graphics software (3D Studio MAX)
Animation software (Multimedia Flash )
Graphic art software (CorelDraw)
Web Development Software (MS FrontPage)
Image editing software (raster or vector graphics editor)
Video editing software (Windows Movie Maker)
Sound editing software (Audacity)
Media development software addresses the needs of individuals who generate print and electronic media for others to consume, most often in a commercial or educational setting
This includes Graphic Art software, Multimedia Development software, HTML editors, Digital Animation editors, Digital Audio and Video composition, and many others

33. Application Suite
An application suite consists of multiple applications bundled together. They usually have related functions, features and user interfaces, and may be able to interact with each other, e.g. open each other's files.
Business applications often come in suites, e.g. Microsoft Office, OpenOffice which bundle together a word processor, a spreadsheet, etc.

34. Microsoft Office 2007

35. Most widely used applications
Word Processors:
Word processing is a tool that helps user in creating, editing, and printing documents. Word processors will normally have the following capabilities built into them: 
Spell checking
Standard layouts for normal documents
Have some characters appear in bold print, italics, or underlined
Center lines, make text line up on the left side of the paper, or the right side of the paper
Save the document so it can be used again
print the document.
Examples: WordPerfect, Microsoft Word

36. Microsoft Word 2007

37. Most widely used applications
Spreadsheets:
The spreadsheet packages are designed to use numbers and formulas to do calculations with ease. Examples of spreadsheets include:
Budgets
Payrolls
Grade Calculations
Address Lists
Examples: Microsoft Excel and Lotus 123.

38. Microsoft Excel 2007

40. Most widely used applications
Graphic Presentations:
The presentation programs can make giving presentations and using overheads easier.  Other uses include: 
Slide Shows
Repeating Computer Presentations on a computer monitor
Using Sound and animation in slide shows 
Examples: Microsoft PowerPoint, Harvard Graphics.

41. Most widely used applications
Database Management System (DBMS):
A DBMS is a software tool that allows multiple users to store, access, and process data into useful information. Database programs are designed for these types of applications:
Membership lists
Student lists
Grade reports
Instructor schedules
All of these have to be maintained so you can find what you need quickly and accurately. 
Examples:Microsoft Access, Oracle.

43. Most widely used applications
Software
Electronic mail ( ) is used for the computer-to-computer exchange of messages and is an important tool for communication and collaborative work. Many software packages have capabilities for:
routing messages to multiple recipients;
message forwarding;
attaching text documents or multimedia to messages.
Web browsers are easy-to-use software tools for displaying Web pages and for accessing the Web and other Internet resources. Browsers can display or present graphics, audio, and video information as well as traditional text, and they allow you to click on-screen buttons or highlighted words to link to related Web sites.
Examples: MS Internet Explorer, Netscape Navigator

44. Internet Explorer with tabbed browsing, Live e-mail, blogging, and translation services…

45. Other types of application software
Enterprise software addresses the needs of organization processes and data flow, often in a large distributed environment.
Examples: financial systems, customer relationship management (CRM) systems, and supply-chain management software.

46. Ready-to-use accounting software for small and medium-size enterprises (SMEs)…
Includes quick navigation pane, Chart of Accounts, typical documents, reports, and more!

47. Other types of application software
Educational software is related to content access software, but has the content and/or features adapted for use in by educators or students.
Simulation software are computer software for simulation of physical or abstract systems for either research, training or entertainment purposes.
Mobile applications run on hand-held devices such as mobile phones, personal digital assistants, and enterprise digital assistants.
Product engineering software is used in developing hardware and software products.

48. Software categories
1. Open source Software. Open source software (OSS) is computer software whose source code is available under a license that permits users to use, change, and improve the software, and to redistribute it in modified or unmodified form.
Examples: Linux, Netscape, Apache, OpenOffice etc
2. Proprietary Software. Proprietary software (also called non-free software) is software with restrictions on using, copying and modifying as enforced by the proprietor.
Examples: Microsoft, Norton Antivirus etc.,
also sw can be divided on Open and Proprietary

49. Open Office.org 3
OpenOffice.org 3 is a free, open-source alternative to commercial office suits; is available as a part of Linux distributions or separately for other OS…

50. Relationships between User, Software and Hardware
System
Software
Application
User
And finally let’s review the software/ hardware interaction
This scheme (diagram) demonstrates the relationships …
You see two main computer components: Hardware and software
In one's turn the software consists from: system and application
User can work with the hardware through the software: directly system or in general through application