1. Tracheal obstruction from mediastinal arteriovenous malformation
Hermes C. Grillo, MD, Christos A. Athanasoulis, MD 
The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 
Volume 128, Issue 5, Pages (November 2004)
DOI: /j.jtcvs

2. Figure 1
Large, diffuse mediastinal AVM in patient 1. A, Thoracic aortogram, anteroposterior view, early arterial phase. Large tortuous tributaries from right internal thoracic artery (arrows) and left bronchial artery (curved arrow) supply AVM. B, Thoracic aortogram, anteroposterior view, late arterial phase. Tortuous, serpigenous vessels are noted throughout mediastinum. Contrast-filled arterial sac, supplied by right internal thoracic artery, protrudes like mass lesion into trachea (arrowhead). C, Thoracic aortogram, lateral view, late arterial phase. Arrowhead points to masslike vascular lesion protruding into trachea. D, Anteroposterior view, arterial phase. Enlarged right phrenic artery (arrows) supplies mediastinal AVM. E, Arterial phase. Thoracic aortogram after multiple embolizations. Tributaries from right internal thoracic artery (arrows) and from left bronchial artery (curved arrow) have been occluded with detachable balloons and spring coils. Black arrowhead points to detachable balloons occluding vascular structure, which protruded into tracheal lumen.
The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery  , DOI: ( /j.jtcvs )

3. Figure 2
A, Chest radiograph, posteroanterior view, in patient 2. Mass of AVM is most prominent in left side of mediastinum. B, Tomogram of trachea demonstrating intraluminal protrusion of AVM (arrow).
The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery  , DOI: ( /j.jtcvs )

4. Figure 3
Large diffuse mediastinal AVM in patient 2. A and B, Thoracic aortogram, anteroposterior view. Early phase (A) and late venous phase (B). There is arteriovenous shunting. AVM involves superior mediastinum. Vascular, masslike structure is noted to right of trachea (arrows). Tracheal lumen is constricted (open arrowhead). C and D, Mediastinal AVM is supplied from branches of right (C) and left (D) subclavian arteries.
The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery  , DOI: ( /j.jtcvs )