1. Chapter 45 Hormones and the Endocrine System
A hormone called ecdysteroid regulates the timing of metamorphosis in this anise swallowtail butterfly.

2. You must know: _______ ways ________________ affect target organs.
The secretion, target, action, and regulation of at least 3 hormones.
An illustration of both positive and negative feedback in the regulation of homeostasis by hormones.

3. Types of Intercellular Signaling
WORD BANK:
Paracrine
Autocrine
Synaptic
Endocrine
Neuroendocrine (new)

4. Endocrine System = Hormone-secreting cells + Tissues
Endocrine glands: ________________, secrete hormones directly into body fluids
Hormones: chemical signals that cause a response in _______________________ (receptor proteins for specific hormones)
Affects 1 tissue, a few, or most tissues in body
Or affect other endocrine glands (tropic hormones)
Regulation by ____________________________

5. Pheromones Hormones Local Regulators
Chemical signal from 1 _____________ to another _____________
Chemical signal from endocrine _______ through _______ to target cell
Chemical signal from one cell to an ___________ cell
Eg. ant trail; sex pheromones
Eg. peptide, steroid hormones
Eg. cytokines, _____________, nitric oxide (NO)

7. Types of Hormones Peptide Steroid ______________-soluble
Bind to receptors on ____________________& triggers signal transduction pathway
Affects protein activity ______________________in cell
______________ response
___________ -lived
Eg. oxytocin, insulin, epinephrine
______________ -soluble
_________ cell & binds to _____________________ receptors
Causes change in ________ ____________________ (protein synthesis)
______________ response
________________ life
Eg. androgens (testosterone), estrogen, progesterone, cortisol

9. Epinephrine: ____ hormone  _____ effects
Liver cells break down glycogen and release glucose
Blood vessels to skeletal muscles dilate
Blood vessels to intestines constrict

10. Master Glands

11. Master Glands Hypothalamus Pituitary Gland
________ info from nerves and brain
Initiates _______________ signals
Hypothalamus
Posterior pituitary gland:
_____________: contract uterine muscles, eject milk in nursing
_________________________: promote H2O retention by kidneys
Pituitary Gland
Anterior pituitary gland:
__________________________________ development of ovarian follicles (eggs); promote sperm production
______________________________trigger ovulation; stimulate testosterone production in testes

12. Hypothalamus regulation of Posterior Pituitary gland

13. Hypothalamus regulation of Anterior Pituitary gland

14. Negative feedback systems:
________________ hormones
Blood _________ levels
Positive feedback system:
______________ (birthing process; release of milk/suckling)

15. Control of Blood Glucose
High blood glucose
Liver breaks down glycogen and releases _________ into blood
____________ released from pancreas
Body cells take up glucose
Liver stores glucose as _________________
__________ released from pancreas
Blood glucose ________

16. Diabetes Mellitus Type I diabetes (10%):deficiency of insulin
__________________-dependent
__________________ disorder  beta cells of ____________________ destroyed
Type II diabetes (90%): failure of ___________________ to respond to insulin
Non-insulin dependent
Insulin _______________  cells don’t respond (defect in insulin receptor or response pathway)
Risk factors: obesity, lack of exercise

17. Thyroid Gland ____________’ Disease: Autoimmune disorder
Hypothalamus
TRH
Anterior
pituitary
TSH
Thyroid T3 T4
____________’ Disease:
Autoimmune disorder
________________ bind to TSH receptor
____________________
High temp, sweating, weight loss, high BP

18. Stress and the Adrenal Gland