1. Global PaedSurg Research Training Fellowship
Session 5: Data Collection
Professor Adesoji Ademuyiwa & Tessa Conception
March 29, 2019

2. Aim
To summarize types of data collection and review methods for collecting data

3. Objectives
Understand basics of the two main types of of data collection: Quantitative and Qualitative
Review types of quantitative data and benefits of each type
Summarize methods of collecting data

4. Types of Data Collection
Quantitative
Survey research
Cross-sectional
Longitudinal
Hospital patient data
Retrospective
Prospective
Qualitative
Focus groups
Interviews

5. Quantitative data

6. Surveys Cross-sectional Longitudinal
Take place once across a population
Repeated observations of the same population and same variables
Example: SOSAS survey
Example: US Census, Demographic Health Survey
Pros: Tend to be quick, immediate results
Pros: Show change over time, can use to show causality
Cons: Can be limited in analysis
Cons: Time consuming and costly
Census
Collects data on EVERY person in a group
Examples: US Census (every 10 years)
Pros: Represents group/country accurately (sampling variance = 0), very detailed
Cons: Takes a long time, very expensive
Sample survey
Collects data on PART of a group
Examples: Demographic Health Survey, SOSAS survey
Pros: Less expensive, less time consuming
Cons: Some sampling variance, sampling strategy needs to be considered

7. Surveys Other aspects to consider Population to survey
- Entire population vs part of population (US census vs DHS)
Content of survey
Length of survey
Census
Collects data on EVERY person in a group
Examples: US Census (every 10 years)
Pros: Represents group/country accurately (sampling variance = 0), very detailed
Cons: Takes a long time, very expensive
Sample survey
Collects data on PART of a group
Examples: Demographic Health Survey, SOSAS survey
Pros: Less expensive, less time consuming
Cons: Some sampling variance, sampling strategy needs to be considered

8. Survey examples (complicated)

9. Survey examples (simple)

10. Hospital patient data Prospective – future sampling
Able to gather specific variables
Better understanding of context
More time consuming
Retrospective – past sampling
Tends to be quicker and cheaper
Limited control of variables
Limited understanding of context

11. Types of quantitative data
Binomial – yes/no, true/false
Nominal – Color (no order)
Ordinal – Scale of 1 to 10 (has order)
Closed answer: Provide options for answering
Open answer: Participant writes in answer
WARNING: Open answer can be informative but difficult to analyze later on. Open answer questions are great for gathering supplemental information.
Example: Surgical condition explanation in Somaliland

12. Qualitative data
Qualitative data is defined as the data that approximates and characterizes.
Qualitative data can be observed and recorded. This data type is non-numerical in nature. This type of data is collected through methods of observations, one-to-one interview, conducting focus groups and similar methods. Qualitative data in statistics is also known as categorical data. Data that can be arranged categorically based on the attributes and properties of a thing or a phenomenon.

13. Interviews Most common data collection method for qualitative research
Personal approach, typically one-on-one
Interviewer typically leads the discussion
Key Informant Interviews (KII)
Qualitative in-depth interviews with people who know what is going on in the community. The purpose of key informant interviews is to collect information from a wide range of people—including community leaders, professionals, or residents—who have first hand knowledge about the community. (UCLA Center for Health Policy Research)

14. Interviews Structured Semi-structured Unstructured
Questions are pre-determined
Semi-structured
Some questions are predetermined but interview might change depending on answers
Unstructured
Topic for interview is determined, but the interview is more of a conversation, with no particular agenda

15. Focus Groups Group discussion setting.
Limited to 6-10 people (typically)
Moderator is assigned continue discussion.
Members of a group may have something in common.

16. Methods of data collection
Qualitative data is defined as the data that approximates and characterizes.
Qualitative data can be observed and recorded. This data type is non-numerical in nature. This type of data is collected through methods of observations, one-to-one interview, conducting focus groups and similar methods. Qualitative data in statistics is also known as categorical data. Data that can be arranged categorically based on the attributes and properties of a thing or a phenomenon.

17. Methods of Data Collection
Paper and pencil
Electronic
RedCap
Microsoft Access
Microscoft Excel/Google Sheets
Audio recording/transcribing
Phone interview
In person interview

18. Paper data collection Pros: Mobile, easy to use, no need for internet
Cons: Can be expensive, data security issues

19. Electronic data collection
RedCap
Microsoft Excel/Google Sheets
Pros: Easy to use
Pros: Free to non profit organizations, complex survey capable, online and offline options, mobile options
Cons: Not as secure
Open Data Kit (ODK)
Cons: Must be affiliated with organization
Pros: Free, easy to use
Cons:
Microsoft Access
Pros: Within Microsoft programs, secure
Cons: Can be difficult to learn/manage

20. Data Collectors Things to consider: Training time Travel time
Compensation
Expertise needed
Language and culture barriers

21. Resources
Thank you to Tessa Concepcion for the slides.

22. Thank you for listening, any questions?
@GlobalPaedSurg