1. Running Chi-Square in Excel
Add percent columns
We start by assuming there is no difference between the observed and expected values – the null hypothesis
So we expect that % of each would meet standards
Add the rest of the percentages to the table

2. Running Chi-Square in Excel
The highlighted area is the actual data
The expected data are below
Excel will compare the actual data to the expected data and see if they are significantly different
In a new cell type =chitest(

3. Running Chi-Square in Excel
Enter the actual range of data (in the blue box), then the expected range (in the green box)
This will give us a p-value
If p>0.05, then we do NOT have the evidence to say the two groups are significantly different
We can’t reject the null that there is no difference between the observed and expected values
If p< 0.05, then we have enough evidence to indicate the two groups are significantly different
We can reject the null

4. Ethics and the Public Service Assessment
Chi-square since nominal/ordinal data for DV
In Excel, create summary table
Add percent column
Add expected % rows
Chitest(actual range, projected range)
p = .2263
 step 1
onground
online
total
exceeds standards 6 7 13
met standards 31 23 54
failed to meet standards 1 38 30 68
 step 2
On ground
online
total %
exceeds standards 6 7 13
13/68
met standards 31 23 54
failed to meet standards 1 38 30 68
 steps 3/4
onground
online
total %
exceeds standards 6 7 13
met standards 31 23 54
failed to meet standards 1 38 30 68
expected 19.1%
(column total * %)
expected 79.4%
expected 1.5%