1. Future Atmospheric Missions: Adding to the “A Train” Jim Gleason
NPP
Glory
Acknowledgements: Graeme Stephens, Bruce Wielicki, Chip Trepte, Dave Crisp, Charles Miller, Glory Team 1

2. The Afternoon Constellation
NPP
VIIRS - Clouds & Aerosols
CrIS/ATMS- Temperature and H2O Sounding
OMPS - Ozone
Aura
OMI - Cloud heights
OMI & HIRLDS – Aerosols
MLS& TES - H2O & temp profiles
MLS & HIRDLS – Cirrus clouds
1:38 PM
1:30 PM
1:30 PM
1:15 PM
Glory
Cloudsat
CALIPSO
OCO
Aqua
PARASOL
OCO - CO2 column
CALIPSO- Aerosol and cloud heights
Cloudsat - cloud droplets
PARASOL - aerosol and cloud polarization
OCO - CO2
MODIS/ CERES
IR Properties of Clouds
AIRS Temperature and H2O Sounding

3. NPP is not in a control box
CALIPSO Control Box
Aqua
Cloudsat
CALIPSO
PARASOL
Aura
Cloudsat will “orbit”CALIPSO,
both loosely following Aqua

4. CALIPSO (formerly Picasso-CENA)
Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation
IIR 20 km 10
Laser
WFC
Distance
LITE measurements over convection
2-wavelength (532 and 1064 nm) polarization-sensitive LIDAR that provides 30 m vertical resolution profiles of aerosols and clouds.
Imaging infrared radiometer (IIR) that provides calibrated infrared radiances at 8.7 µ, 10.5 µ and 12 µ. These wavelengths are optimized for combined IIR/lidar retrievals of cirrus particle size.
High-resolution wide field camera (WFC) that acquires high spatial resolution imagery for meteorological context (620 to 670 nm).

5. Cloudsat 94 GHz Cloud Profiling Radar (CPR) Nadir-viewing
500 m vertical resolution
1.2 km cross-track, 3.5 km along track
Sensitivity: -30 to -36 dBZ
Data Products
Radar reflectivity
Visible and near-IR radiances
Cloud base and top heights
Optical depth
Atmospheric heating rates
Cloud water content
Cloud ice content
Cloud particle size
Precipitation Occurrence

6. NPOESS Preparatory Project: NPP
Sun - synchronous, polar
Altitude km nominal
Inclination - 98 degrees
Ascending node - 10:30 a.m.
Launched – April 2008
Instruments
Cross Track Infrared Sounder (CrIS)
Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder (ATMS)
Visible Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (VIIRS)
Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite (OMPS)

7. Ozone Mapping Profiler Suite
Status
Brass Board Main Electronics Box complete
Flight Unit #1 Assembly underway
Description
Purpose: Monitors the total column and vertical profile of ozone
Predecessor Instruments: TOMS, SBUV, GOME, OSIRIS, SCIAMACHY
Approach: Nadir and limb push broom CCD spectrometers
Swath width: 2600 km
Algorithm Status: Using TOMS/SBUV heritage approaches for Nadir Instruments
Limb profile still in development using new space-based limb observation data

8. OMPS Scanning Track
(Nadir TC)
(Limb Profiler)

9. Orbiting Carbon Observatory - OCO
OCO is an ESSP Mission
LRD: 2008
Instruments- 3 Grating Spectrometers
O2 - A Band at 0.76µ
CO2 at 1.58, 2.06 µ
Swath 10 pixels, 1x1.5 km
CO2 Simulation Map
Make global, space-based observations of the column integrated CO2
Provide independent data validation approaches to ensure high accuracy (1 ppm, 0.3%)
Combine satellite data with ground-based measurements to characterize CO2 sources and sinks on regional scales on monthly to interannual time scales

10. The Orbiting Carbon Observatory (OCO)
OCO will acquire the space-based data needed to identify CO2 sources and sinks and quantify their variability over the seasonal cycle
Approach:
Collect spatially resolved, high resolution spectroscopic observations of CO2 and O2 absorption in reflected sunlight
Use these data to resolve spatial and temporal variations in the column averaged CO2 dry air mole fraction, XCO2 over the sunlit hemisphere
Employ independent calibration and validation approaches to produce XCO2 estimates with random errors and biases no larger than ppm ( %) on regional scales at monthly intervals

11. Making Precise CO2 Measurements from Space
High resolution spectra of reflected sunlight in near IR CO2 and O2 bands are combined to retrieve the column average CO2 dry air mole fraction, XCO2
1.61 m CO2 bands – Column CO2 with maximum sensitivity near the surface
O2 A-band and 2.06 m CO2 band
Surface pressure, albedo, atmospheric temperature, water vapor, clouds, aerosols
Why high spectral resolution?
Enhances sensitivity, minimizes biases
Clouds/Aerosols, Surface Pressure
Clouds/Aerosols, H2O, Temperature
Column CO2
O2 A-band
CO2 1.61m
CO m

12. OCO Observing Strategy
Nadir Observations: tracks local nadir
+ Small footprint (< 3 km2) isolates cloud-free scenes and reduces biases from spatial inhomogeneities over land
Low Signal/Noise over dark ocean
Glint Observations: views “glint” spot
+ Improves Signal/Noise over oceans
More interference from clouds
Target Observations
Tracks a stationary surface calibration site to collect large numbers of soundings
Data acquisition schedule:
alternate between Nadir and Glint on 16-day intervals
Acquire ~1 Target observation each day
Local Nadir
Glint Spot
Ground Track

13. Calibration/Validation Program Assures Measurement Accuracy
Pre Launch
Instrument Subsystem
Observatory-level
On-Orbit
Routine (Solar, Limb, Dark, Lamp)
Special (Stellar, Solar Doppler)
Vicarious
Validation
Laboratory spectroscopy
Spectral line databases for CO2, O2
Ground-based in-situ measurements
NOAA ESRL Flask/Tower Network
Wofsy (Harvard), Ciais (CNRS Aerocarb)
Solar-looking FTS measurements of XCO2
Measure same bands as flight instrument
Routine Calibration
WLEF Tower
WLEF FTIR

14. Glory mission provides timely key data for climate change research
The Glory Mission Objectives are to:
Quantify the role of aerosols as natural and anthropogenic agents of climate change by flying APS
Continue measuring the total solar irradiance to determine its direct and indirect effects on climate by flying TIM

15. Existing aerosol retrievals from space are inadequate
Glory APS strategy: fully exploit the information content of the reflected sunlight
Classification of passive remote sensing techniques by
1. Spectral range
2. Scattering geometry range
3. Number of Stokes parameters
Hierarchy of existing/planned
instruments:
AVHRR  MODIS, MISR, VIIRS  Glory APS
Glory APS will be a bridge to NPOESS era measurements.
The measurement approach developed for the Glory mission is to use
multi-angle multi-spectral polarimetric measurements because:
Polarization is a relative measurement that can be made extremely accurately.
Polarimetric measurements can be accurately and stably calibrated on orbit.
The variation of polarization with scattering angle and wavelength allows aerosol particle size, refractive index and shape to be determined.
Appropriate analysis tools are available.

16. Glory APS summary Type: Passive multi-angle photopolarimeter
Fore-optic: Rotating polarization-compensated mirror assembly scanning along orbit-track +50.5° to –63° (fore-to-aft) from nadir
Aft-optic: 6 bore-sighted optical assemblies, each with a Wollaston prism providing polarization separation, beamsplitters & bandpass filters producing spectral separation, and paired detectors sensing orthogonal polarizations
Directionality: ~250 views of a scene
Approx. dimensions: 60 x 58 x 47 cm
Mass/power/data rate: 53 kg / 36 W / 120 kbps
Spectral range: 412–2250 nm
Measurement specifics: 3 visible (412, 443, 555 nm), 3 near-IR (672, 865, 910 nm), and 3 short-wave IR (1378, 1610, 2250 nm) bands; three Stokes parameters (I, Q, and U)
Ground resolution at nadir: 6 km
SNR requirements: 235 (channels 1 – 5, 8, and 9), 94 (channel 6), and 141 (channel 7)
Polarization accuracy: at P = 0.2, at P = 0.5
Repeat cycle: 16 days
APS angular scanning
APS spectral channels

17. Summary of the “A” Train
The Formation
Aqua (1:30 PM )and Aura (1:38 PM)) must maintain ground track on the WRS (±20 km) using frequent burns (once every 3 months)
Cloudsat and CALIPSO ~20 seconds (~140 km) behind Aqua within a control box 40 seconds wide. Near end of mission, CALIPSO drifts (left) across MODIS swath.
PARASOL is roughly lined up Aqua about 3 minutes behind
Aura is 15 minutes behind Aqua (crossing time is 1:38 PM)
OCO is 15 minutes ahead of Aqua (1:15)
NPP same crossing time, higher orbit
The Science
Unprecedented cloud science
Unprecedented climate/aerosol/chemistry science
Correlative measurements
Challenges
Variety of vertical and horizontal resolutions which will be challenging to match
Community is not used to using multi-instrument systems

18. Air Quality Mission Workshop
New Mission Planning
Air Quality Mission Workshop
Boulder, CO February 2006
Satellite observations as crucial for the future of AQ management:
Air quality characterization for retrospective assessments and
forecasting to support air program management and public health advisories;
2. Quantification of emissions of ozone and aerosol precursors;
3. Long-range transport of pollutants extending from regional to global scales;
4. Large puff releases from environmental disasters.

19. Air Quality Mission Workshop Report to National Research Council Decadal Survey
Measurement Requirements:
Species measured; Tropospheric ozone, CO, NO2, HCHO, SO2, and aerosols
Horizontal resolution and coverage; better than 10 km (preferably 2-5 km), coverage must be at least on a continental scale for observation of regional pollution episodes, and must further extend on a global scale for observation of intercontinental transport and large puff releases.
Temporal resolution and coverage: Hourly resolution or better
Enables characterization of
(1) the synoptic-scale development of pollution episodes,
(2) the diurnal variation of emissions,
(3) the state of atmospheric composition for purposes of inverse modeling and data assimilation (forecasting), and
(4) large puff releases.

20. Air Quality Mission Workshop Report to National Research Council Decadal Survey
Measurement Requirements:
Vertical resolution: The ability to observe the boundary layer from space is a major priority for air quality applications. For trace gases, multispectral methods involving a combination of nadir-sounding UV/Vis, near and thermal IR, and limb microwave can be used to infer boundary layer information on ozone, CO and others, as well as providing some vertically-resolved measurements for the middle and upper troposphere.
Vertical resolution in the free troposphere is important for observing long-range transport, as this transport often involves layers of ~1 km thickness that may retain their integrity over intercontinental scales.
Orbital Requirements: Considered LEO, MEO, GEO, and L-1
Orbits have different advantages and disadvantages for air quality observations. There are important trade-offs among quantitative (and achievable) requirements on
horizontal resolution and coverage,
temporal resolution,
vertical resolution.

21. Air Quality Mission Workshop Report to National Research Council Decadal Survey
Workshop participants reached a consensus that
multi-spectral sentinel missions (GEO or Lagrangian (L-1) orbit) that
have high spatial and temporal resolution, and
provide some species concentrations within the boundary layer, would be most beneficial to the AQ community.
At the present time, GEO meets this measurement capability with the least
amount of risk
The greatest societal benefit from a U.S. perspective would be derived from placing such a satellite in an orbit capable of observing North America The NOAA GOES-R operational suite of measurements from GEO will have some AQ relevant capability for ozone, carbon monoxide and aerosol.
New generation of dedicated AQ satellite missions that will also be part of an integrated observing system including air monitoring networks, in situ research campaigns, and 3-D chemical transport models.