1. Thinking About Psychology The Science of Mind and Behavior 3e
Charles T. Blair-Broeker & Randal M. Ernst
PowerPoint Presentation Slides
by Kent Korek
Germantown High School
Worth Publishers, © 2012

2. Development and Learning Domain
Drbimages/istockphoto

3. Learning and Language
Goldmund Lukic/istockphoto

4. Classical Conditioning
Module 14
Classical Conditioning

5. Module Overview Experiencing Classical Conditioning
Components of Classical Conditioning
Classical Conditioning Processes
Ivan Pavlov’s Discovery
Generalization and Discrimination
John Watson and the Classical Conditioning of Emotions
Cognition and Biological Predispositions
Click on the any of the above hyperlinks to go to that section in the presentation.

6. Experiencing Classical Conditioning
Module 14: Classical Conditioning

7. Learning
A relatively permanent change in behavior caused by experience.

8. Classical Conditioning
A type of learning in which a stimulus gains the power to cause a response.
The stimulus predicts another stimulus that already produces that response
Form of learning by association

9. Stimulus-Response
Stimulus - anything in the environment that one can respond to.
Response – any behavior or action.
MIKE AGLIOLO/SUPERSTOCK

10. Stimulus-Response Relationship

11. Stimulus-Response Relationship

12. Components of Classical Conditioning
Module 14: Classical Conditioning

13. Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
A stimulus that triggers a response reflexively and automatically.
Classical conditioning cannot happen with a unconditioned stimulus.

14. Unconditioned Response (UR)
An automatic response to the unconditioned stimulus.
The relationship between the UCS and UCR must be reflexive and automatic, not learned

15. Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
A previously neutral stimulus that,
through learning, gains the power to cause a response.
The CS must be a neutral stimulus before conditioning occurs.

16. Conditioned Response (CR)
The response to the conditioned stimulus.
Usually the same behavior as the UCR

17. Pavlov’s Method of Collecting Saliva

18. Pavlov’s Research Apparatus

19. Pavlov’s Experiment

20. Pavlov’s Experiment

21. Pavlov’s Experiment

22. Little Albert 11-month-old infant
Watson and Rosalie Rayner, conditioned Albert to be frightened of white rats
Led to questions about experimental ethics
COURTESY OF PRESSOR BENJAMIN HARRIS,
UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN-PARKSIDE

23. Little Albert – Before Conditioning

24. Little Albert – During Conditioning

25. Little Albert – After Conditioning

26. Little Albert - Generalization

27. Module 15
Operant Conditioning

28. The Nature of Operant Conditioning
Module 15: Operant Conditioning

29. Operant Conditioning
A type of learning in which the frequency of a behavior depends on the consequence that follows that behavior.
The frequency will increase if the consequence is reinforcing to the subject.
The frequency will decrease if the consequence is not reinforcing to the subject.

30. Operant Conditioning

31. Operant Conditioning

32. Operant Conditioning

33. Module 15: Operant Conditioning
The Law of Effect
Module 15: Operant Conditioning

34. Edward Thorndike ( )
Author of the law of effect, the principle that forms the basis of operant conditioning.
Behaviors with favorable consequences will occur more frequently.
Behaviors with unfavorable consequences will occur less frequently.
Created puzzle boxes for research on cats

35. B.F. Skinner ( )
Behavioral psychologist who developed the fundamental principles and techniques of operant conditioning and devised ways to apply them in the real world.
Designed the Skinner Box, or operant chamber

36. Reinforcement/Punishment
Reinforcement - Any consequence that increases the future likelihood of a behavior.
Punishment - Any consequence that decreases the future likelihood of a behavior.
The subject determines if a consequence is reinforcing or punishing

37. Module 15: Operant Conditioning
Reinforcement
Module 15: Operant Conditioning

38. Positive Reinforcement
In operant conditioning, anything that increases the likelihood of a behavior by following it with a desirable event or state.
The subject receives something they want
Will strengthen the behavior

39. Positive Reinforcement

40. Negative Reinforcement
In operant conditioning, anything that increases the likelihood of a behavior by following it with the removal of an undesirable event or state.
Something the subject doesn’t like is removed
Will strengthen the behavior

41. Negative Reinforcement

42. Positive/Negative Reinforcement

43. Reinforcement: Primary Versus Secondary Reinforcement
Module 15: Operant Conditioning

44. Primary Reinforcement
Something that is naturally reinforcing, such as food (if you are hungry), warmth (if you are cold), and water (if you are thirsty).
The item is reinforcing in and of itself

46. Secondary Reinforcement
Something that you have learned to value, like money.

48. Module 15: Operant Conditioning
Punishment
Module 15: Operant Conditioning

49. Punishment: The Process of Punishment
Module 15: Operant Conditioning

50. Types of Punishment An undesirable event following a behavior
A desirable state or event ends following a behavior

51. Punishment: Problems with Punishment
Module 15: Operant Conditioning

52. Negative Effects of Punishment
Doesn’t prevent the undesirable behavior when away from the punisher
Can lead to fear, anxiety, and lower self-esteem
Children who are punished physically may learn to use aggression as a means to solve problems.
ROB LEWINE /GETTY IMAGES

53. Positive Effects of Punishment
Punishment can effectively control certain behaviors.
Especially useful if teaching a child not to do a dangerous behavior
Most still suggest reinforcing an incompatible behavior rather than using punishment
ROB LEWINE /GETTY IMAGES

54. Overjustification Effect
The effect of promising a reward for doing what one already likes to do;
the reward may lessen and replace the person’s original, natural motivation, so that the behavior stops if the reward is eliminated.

55. New Understanding of Operant Conditioning: The Role of Biology
Module 15: Operant Conditioning

56. The End