1. CONSTRUCTIVE ALIGNMENT

2. CONSTRUCTIVE ALIGNMENT

3. TEACHING APPROACHES, STRATEGIES, METHODS, ACTIVITIES
‘A THOUSAND TEACHERS
A THOUSAND METHODS’
CHINESE PROVERB

4. Student-Centered Instruction [SCI]
is an instructional approach in which students influence the content, activities, materials, and pace of learning.
This learning model places the student (learner) in the center of the learning process.
The instructor provides students with opportunities to learn independently and from one another and coaches them in the skills they need to do so effectively.

5. Student-Centered Instruction [SCI]
The SCI approach includes assigning open-ended problems and problems requiring critical or creative thinking that cannot be solved by following text examples, involving students in simulations and role plays, and using self-paced and/or cooperative (team-based) learning. Properly implemented SCI can lead to increased motivation to learn, greater retention of knowledge, deeper understanding, and more positive attitudes towards the subject being taught (Collins & O'Brien, 2003).

6. TEACHING AND LEARNING APPROACHES, STRATEGIES, METHODS, ACTIVITIES
Lecturer-Centered
Students are viewed as “empty vessels” whose primary role is to passively receive information 
Student-Centered
The teacher’s primary role is to coach and facilitate student learning and overall comprehension of material
Lecture
Direct Instruction
Demonstration
Refers to the traditional teaching strategy that relies on explicit teaching through lectures and teacher-led demonstrations
Teachers /Lecturers are the sole supplier of knowledge and information. These methods are effective in teaching basic and fundamental skills across all content areas.
Group Discussion
Buzz Group
Symposium Discussion
Debate Discussion
Phillips 66
Think Pair Share
Picture Making
Round Robin
3-Steps Interview
Jigsaw
Cooperative Learning refers to a method of teaching and classroom management that emphasizes group work and a strong sense of community.

7. TEACHING AND LEARNING APPROACHES, STRATEGIES, METHODS, ACTIVITIES
Lecturer-Centered
Student-Centered
Inquiry Based Learning (Inductive Teaching & Learning)
A teaching method that focuses on student investigation and hands-on learning. In this method, the teacher’s primary role is that of a facilitator, providing guidance and support for students through the learning process. 
Case-Based Learning -CBL
Problem-Based Learning - PBL
Project-Based Learning - PjBL
Senario-Based Learning – SBL
Discovery Learning
Experiential Learning

8. Lecture
Students concentration during presentations often declines after 15 minutes.
Break for :
A Think Pair Share activities
Buzz Group
3 step interview
Phillips 66
A concept test

9. Personal Goals of Members: Physical Environment Seating Arrangement
Group Discussion
Factors Affecting Group Discussion
Size of the group
Cliques Within a Group
Personal Goals of Members: 
Physical Environment
Seating Arrangement
Time for Discussion  

10. Group Discussion
Six attributes of effective small group activities :
Interesting topic
Clearly defined
Sequenced
Well paced
Flexible
Participative

11. Group Discussion Preparing A Group Discussion
Choose A Topic: A topic for group discussion should be interesting, significant, and manageable.
Decide What Type of Question to Discuss: Topic chosen should be worded in the form of a question.
Word the Question Carefully: Once the question is formed, then narrow it down by wording it in clear, concise, and unbiased language.
Prepare an Outline: To keep the group moving toward its goal.
Research A Topic:  All members doing research on the topic before the discussion takes place

12. Buzz Group
A buzz group is a small group, consisting of three to six people who are given an assignment to complete in a short time period. Generally, each buzz group records their output then reports to the larger group.
Can be used :
Build an agenda. Evaluate an activity or process.
Serve as an icebreaker Warm up a group to a new topic.
Solve problems Address a topic from a new perspective.
Share ideas Generate ideas
Generate lists. Gather feedback
Reflect and review.

13. Think Pair Share
Pose the problem and have students work on it individually for a short time
Then have them form pairs and reconcile and improve their solutions
and finally call on several individuals or pairs to share their responses.
Note : This structure takes a bit more time than a simple group activity, but it includes individual thinking and so leads to greater learning.

14. Symposium Discussion
A discussion in which the topic is broken its various phases.
Each part is presented by an expert / person well informed on their particular phase in a brief and consice speech [The group consist of 3-4 members, discuss and plan the outline]
Audience direct questions to proper symposium members
The leader summarizes

15. Phillips 66 It’s a spontaneous method
Where 6 students view their opinions on a topic
For 6 minutes
Randomly call any students to share their ideas / solutions

16. Picture Making
A technique to stimulate interest, thinking, and participation by
selecting a question/ statement / problem on the topic which suitable to illustrate
Instruction must be clear
Adequate materials – chart paper, markers
How ???
Lecturers divides the group into 4-5 sub-groups
Each sub-groups is given a question/ statement / problem to illustrate
After complete the picture making, each group shows and explains the picture followed by class discussion

17. ROUND ROBIN
Class is divided into small groups (4 to 6) with one person appointed as the recorder.
A question is posed and students are given time to think about answers.
After the "think time," members of the team share responses with one another round robin style
The recorder writes down the answers of the group members.
The person next to the recorder starts and each person in the group in order gives an answer until time is called.

18. THREE-STEP INTERVIEW
Each member of a team chooses another member to be a partner
First round, an individuals interview their partners by asking clarifying questions.
During the second round, partners reverse the roles
For the final round, members share their partner's response with the team.