1. Air emissions
SEEA-CF - Air emissions accounts

2. Outline Learning objectives Review of basics (5 min.)
Level 1 What? why? (compilers)
Concepts (15 min.)
Group exercise and discussion (30 min.)
Level 2
Data sources, country examples and issues (15 min.)
Group exercise and discussion (15 min.)
Closing discussion (10 min.)
SEEA-CF - Air emissions accounts

3. Learning objectives Level 1 Level 2
Understand what Air Emission Accounts are and why they are important
Understand the basic concepts of air emission accounting
Understand how air emissions are treated in the SEEA
Learn the steps of compiling an Air Emissions Account
Level 2
Understand the common data options and sources
Understand the important conceptual issues
Be aware of how other countries have approached air emission accounting
SEEA-CF - Air emissions accounts

4. In the news… 2. Review of basics
Air emissions are in the news—most people are affected.
SEEA-CF - Air emissions accounts

5. Level 1 Why are air emissions important? Flows of air emissions
Physical supply and use tables
What’s included (and not)
SEEA-CF - Air emissions accounts

6. Why are air emissions important?
3. Level 1
Why are air emissions important?
SF6
N2O
CH4
Contribute to Global Warming
CO2
SO2
Negative effects on ecosystem & human health
Policies to manage air emissions need reliable data on…
NH3
amounts produced
Contribute to to global warming
Carbon dioxide (CO2), Methane (CH4)
Dinitrogen Oxide (or Nitrous Oxide) (N2O) (also ozone depleting)
Sulphur hexaflouride (SF6)
Negative effects on ecosystem and human health
Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)
Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)
Particulate Matter (PM10 and PM2.5)
Ammonia (NH3)
Policies to manage air emissions need reliable data on amounts produced and who releases them (and where).
NOx
PM10
PM2.5
who releases them
and where
SEEA-CF - Air emissions accounts

7. Air emissions and SDGs 3. Level 1
Most links to SDG are indirect…measuring air emissions (not air quality or degradation…)
3.9 Reduce deaths and illnesses from hazardous chemicals and air, water and soil pollution and contamination
11.5 …reduce the number of deaths…and economic losses …caused by disasters
11.6 …reduce…adverse environmental impact of cities, including…air quality
12.4 …achieve environmentally sound management of chemicals and all wastes…
13.2 Integrate climate change measures into national policies, strategies and planning
14.3 Minimize and address the impacts of ocean acidification
15.5 …reduce degradation of natural habitats…
SEEA-CF - Air emissions accounts

8. Flows of air emissions Emissions to air are...
3. Level 1
Flows of air emissions
Emissions to air are...
gaseous and particulate substances released to the atmosphere
by establishments and households
as a result of production, consumption and accumulation
Air Emissions Account records generation by resident economic units and by type of substance
Why do we calculate emissions of resident economic units?
Answer: we need to calculate on residence principle to match with SNA. This is needed to calculate emissions intensities (quantities per unit economic output).
Able to determine “demand side” of air emissions: How much is generated for household consumption, government and exports? See Canada example, later.
We will discuss converting from energy balances that are based on the territory principle later.
To match with SNA.
It is needed to calculate emissions intensities.
SEEA-CF - Air emissions accounts

9. Supply and use table for air emissions
3. Level 1
Supply and use table for air emissions
Who releases them?
Where do they go?
Most other supply and use accounts have column totals.
You can’t add them up for Air Emissions because they have different impacts (warming effect, toxicity…).
These do follow the accounting principle that Supply = Use.
Why can’t you add them up?
SEEA-CF - Air emissions accounts

10. Total household GHG emissions increasing while intensity decreasing
3. Level 1
Total household GHG emissions increasing while intensity decreasing
Cars becoming smaller, houses more efficient  just driving further and building more houses.
Source: CANSIM table

11. Flows of air emissions: some notes
3. Level 1
Flows of air emissions: some notes
All actual CO2 emissions should be included in the accounts
Includes CO2 emissions from burning of biomass
CO2 emissions from the burning of fossil fuels should be distinguished from CO2 emissions from biomass.
To improve comparison with emission inventories (e.g., IPCC)
What are some examples of burning of biomass?
Examples could be burning garbage, trees, grass
SEEA-CF - Air emissions accounts

12. Territory vs Residence principle
3. Level 1
Territory vs Residence principle
Residents
Non-residents
National territory
Sold on territory to resident units
Sold on territory to non-residents
(foreign, tourists, transport companies, embassies)
Rest of the world
Sold to residents operating abroad
(tourists, transport, companies etc.)
Energy Statistics
Energy Balances
SEEA Energy, Section 2.2.2
SEEA-Energy
SEEA-CF - Energy Flow Accounts

13. 3. Level 1
Bridge tables needed In
Emission
Inventories
Air Emission Accounts
Not in
Based on territory
Activity classification
Based on residence
Industry classification
The national economy totals & categories of Air Emissions Accounts differ from those in emission inventories.
These differences are recorded and presented in bridge tables
Bridge tables convert between classifications and concepts
Explanation: the scope of emissions inventories is territorial. Air Emissions accounts are based on residence.
Categories in the emissions inventories may need to be split of combined to match Air Emission accounts (for example, emission inventory may be by activity, such as “Transportation” and Emission Accounts need to know what industry (e.g., agriculture, manufacturing, government, households).
SEEA-CF - Air emissions accounts

14. Example of a bridge table
3. Level 1
Example of a bridge table
Total emissions originating from the Danish territory
(IPCC-emission inventory)
54,568
+ Emissions caused by Danish operated vehicles abroad
1,905
+ Emissions caused by Danish operated planes abroad
1,105
+ Emissions caused by Danish operated ships abroad
35,084
+ Other differences in emissions from transport and cross border trade
612
= Total Emissions from Danish economic activities
(Environmental Accounts)
93,274
Territorial Emissions +
Residence
principle II
Residential Emissions
Took territorial emissions and added Danish vehicles, airplanes and ships (Maersk) operating abroad.
This almost doubled the residential emissions.
What else could have been added (or subtracted)?
Could have subtracted foreign national vehicles, airplanes and ships operating in Danish territory.
Territorial emissions
+ Danish vehicles, airplanes and ships (Maersk) operating abroad.
→ doubled the residential emissions.
What else could have been added (or subtracted)?
Foreign national vehicles, airplanes and ships operating in Danish territory
SEEA-CF - Energy Flow Accounts

15. What about other animals?
3. Level 1
What’s excluded?
Flows of air emissions within the environment are not in the scope for the accounts:
Transboundary flows of air emissions
Capture of gases by the environment, for example, carbon captured in forests and soil
Emissions such as unintended forest and grassland fires and human metabolic processes which are not the direct result of economic production
Secondary emissions (when substances combine to create new substances in the environment)
Note: Transboundary air emissions are of policy concern in many countries. This is not simple to include in a supply/use framework, since we would need to know the quantities flowing from and to other countries. If we knew this, we could account for “imports” and “exports” of air emissions.
Answer: Digestion
How about other animals?
What is an example of a human metabolic process that produces air emissions?
What about other animals?
Digestion
Cows produce methane
SEEA-CF - Air emissions accounts

16. What is included? Flaring and venting of e.g. natural gas
3. Level 1
What is included?
Flaring and venting of e.g. natural gas
Emissions from manure collected and spread on agricultural land (dissipative use)
Leakages from accumulations (durable goods like refrigerators, landfills, etc.) should be recorded as they occur and attributed to the owner of the good at the time of the leakage
SEEA-CF - Air emissions accounts

17. Energy first/inventory first
3. Level 1
Energy first/inventory first
Two general approaches are used:
Inventory First Approach
Energy First Approach
National emission inventories
(EMEP/CORINAIR, IPCC)
Energy statistics/balances
(Eurostat, IEA)
Auxiliary data
Auxiliary data
Energy accounts
Energy First starts with energy accounts and adds data on non-energy sources.
Inventory First starts with national emissions inventories (including energy sources)
Non-energy activity data
Emission factors
Air emissions accounts
Source: Eurostat: Manual for Air Emissions Accounts
SEEA-CF - Air emissions accounts

18. Group exercise Situation: Objective (Groups of 3-5; Not alone!):
3. Level 1
Group exercise
Situation:
Have Energy Use table and CO2 emissions factors
Also know that “other industries” generate 139,000 tonnes CO2
Need to calculate:
CO2 emissions from use of energy products
Objective (Groups of 3-5; Not alone!):
Multiply energy use (PJ) by appropriate emission factor
Calculate total CO2 emissions from all sources
Report product totals and overall total and discuss results
Which industry and product is the largest contributor to overall emissions?
SEEA-CF - Air emissions accounts

19. Air Emissions accounts: Exercise
3. Level 1
Air Emissions accounts: Exercise
Calculate CO2 emissions from Energy Use Table and CO2 emissions factors:
1. From Table 1, select relevant energy use
2. Multiply by appropriate CO2 emissions factors from Table 2.
3. Enter CO2 emissions in Table 3. Calculate totals for each product.
4. In Table 4, enter 139 as Non- energy-related CO2 emissions for Industrial processes for "Other industries"
5. Calculate total CO2 emissions in Table 5. Calculate total for all emissions.
Note: Consumption of electricity does not directly generate CO2
Multiply by 1000 since tonnes/TJ divide again since unit = 1000 T
Agriculture and Forestry consume 15 PJ of Gasoline (70 tonnes/TJ)
= (15 PJ * 70 T/TJ) = 1050 thousand TCO2
SEEA-CF - Air emissions accounts

20. The answers Coal use by Electricity Supply is the largest contributor.
3. Level 1
The answers
Emissions from accumulation
Emissions from accumulation
Emissions from accumulation
Assume 139kT from other is “assumed”
Coal use by Electricity Supply is the largest contributor.
SEEA-CF - Air emissions accounts

21. Level 2: Country examples and data
Detailed guidance
Country examples: Denmark, Canada
Data sources and adjustments
Compilation challenges
SEEA-CF - Air emissions accounts

22. 4. Level 2
Detailed guidance
EuroStat Manual for Air Emissions Accounts uses SEEA principles
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) focuses on anthropogenic sources on national territory
Eurostat focuses on SEEA
IPCC is a stack of manuals

23. EuroStat Data collected by Eurostat’s questionnaire to Member States
4. Level 2
EuroStat
Data collected by Eurostat’s questionnaire to Member States
SEEA-CF - Air emissions accounts

24. EuroStat – Physical Energy Flow Accounts (PEFA) Builder
4. Level 2
EuroStat – Physical Energy Flow Accounts (PEFA) Builder
Application to record flows of energy from the environment (natural inputs), within the economy (products), and back to the environment (residuals)
Starts with energy statistics
Calculates energy residuals +
I’m not sure how to get access to PEFA Builder. S. Korea tried it and it didn’t work, but now they figured it out. We should understand it better if we are going to promote it.
Bridge table for residence/territorial conversion
SEEA-CF - Air emissions accounts

25. Country example - Denmark
4. Level 2
Country example - Denmark
Note high amounts for Trade and Transport, etc. Much of this comes from the resident economic units operating abroad. MAERSK may be using dirtier fuel.
 Statistics Denmark , 
Why are almost half of CO2 emissions and almost all SO2 and NOx from Trade & Transport?
SEEA-CF - Air emissions accounts

26. Country example - Canada
4. Level 2
Country example - Canada
Derived from emission inventory
Adjusted for residence principle
About 4% higher than inventory
Available by detailed industry
Many footnotes
- = in account, not in UNFCCC
+ = in UNFCCC not in account
Like Denmark, need to net out territorial/residence
SEEA-CF - Air emissions accounts

27. Country example - Canada
4. Level 2
Country example - Canada
Used household survey to estimate fuelwood consumption  major contributor to PM2.5 and CO
SEEA-CF - Air emissions accounts

28. 4. Level 2
Producing exports accounts for 46% of Canada’s greenhouse gas emissions
Requires calculating emissions on residence principle
Requires using I-O modelling to calculate “demand side”
Exports
Personal expenditure
For example, electricity companies generate power so we can light, heat and cool our homes. All industrial production is “intermediate” for the benefit of final consumers.
Much of the growth in emissions for exports comes from increase in production from oil sands. This is not accounting for GHGs created by importers burning the fuel only the production of it.
Construction, inventories, machinery and equipment, and government expenditures
Source: Statistics Canada, The Daily, April 11, 2012 42

29. Material and energy flow accounts
4. Level 2
Material and energy flow accounts
The residence principle is required to calculate intensity measures. Intensity measures are useful for targeting efficiency measures (note decrease in intensity of Oil & Gas Extraction & Coal Mining)
tonnes per thousand current dollars of production
Units is tonnes per thousand current dollars of production.
Many more industries represented in actual table. 43

30. ESCAP Statistical database
4. Level 2
Data sources
Existing data
Existing energy accounts, energy balances and statistics
Existing emissions inventories (e.g., IPCC reporting)
If none, create an energy account first!
Surveys
Only if necessary
Exploit financial and administrative data first!
Administrative data
Expenditures on fuel (by type), consumption of fuel
Energy utilities
Conversion factors
Use “best” national factors
ESCAP Statistical database
Derived from international sources
By sources and type
SEEA-CF - Water accounts

31. PRTR: Pollutant Release and Transfer Registers
4. Level 2
PRTR: Pollutant Release and Transfer Registers
If your country have PRTR, USE IT!!
OECD: International guidelines & data clearinghouse
Usually large emitters of large quantities
Canada: National Pollutant Release Inventory (NPRI)
Collected via mandatory questionnaire
Only specific substances
Publicly accessible  maps, data
But…some substances, small emitters, mobile sources not covered
Some countries already have PRTRs. Most countries are providing data on carbon emissions to IPCC.
Source:
SEEA-CF - Air emissions accounts

32. Data sources and adjustments
4. Level 2
Data sources and adjustments
Area needing adjustment:
Countries that may consider corrections for these areas
International water transport
Countries with large ocean transport fleets: Norway, Greece, Denmark, Netherlands, UK, South Korea, Japan
International air transport
Most countries but especially those with airport “hubs”: Netherlands, UK, Germany, Italy, France, Denmark
International road transport
Countries where companies operate transport services abroad (mostly lorries and coaches registered abroad)
Fishing vessels
Countries whose fishing vessels are active in areas far from national fishing areas: Portugal, Spain, Norway, Ireland, Iceland, Russia
Tourism (private car driving)
(non-resident units on national territory)
Countries that are attractive destinations for relatively large numbers of foreign tourists: Malta, Cyprus, Spain, France, Italy, Switzerland, Austria, UK
(resident units on national territory)
Countries whose resident often leave the national territory on holidays using their own vehicles: Belgium, Luxemburg, Netherlands, Slovenia
Emissions from land transport that do not involve fuel purchases
Geographic locations as a “transit” country - driven through without purchasing fuel: Switzerland, Slovenia, Belgium, Germany
Fuel “tourism” (often induced by differences in tax levels between adjacent countries)
Countries where non-resident travel across borders to purchase petrol and diesel: Luxemburg, Sweden, Denmark (from Norway)
Transportation in pipelines
When pipelines are located in international territories – such as the sea floor there may be some issues related to residence and how the energy use in the pipelines is recorded. The energy use in the non-resident pipelines should be coordinated with how this is treated in the National Accounts. Relevant for Norway, the Netherlands, and potentially Denmark and Iceland in the future
Embassies, consulates and other extraterritorial enclaves
Nearly all countries have embassies within the national boundaries. In the National Accounts the economic activities of these areas are considered as non-resident units on the national territory. For air Emissions Accounts this activity is of minor importance and is not included in corrections although technically it should be included
Military establishments and military “actions” on national territory
For countries that host large military bases for other countries, corrections for this activity as non-resident units on the national territory should be considered although often a lack of data often due to the confidentiality of the data do not allow for corrections to be made. The same applies to military actions/wars on national territories
This is about major adjustments countries should consider. We could discuss how to get such data.
Source: Eurostat: Manual for Air Emissions Accounts
SEEA-CF - Air emissions accounts

33. Compilation challenges
4. Level 2
Compilation challenges
Adjusting for residence principle
Requires detailed data, maybe bridge tables
Smaller emitters may not be included in inventories
Larger companies have engineers, who can estimate emissions
In Canada, tested Survey of Industrial Processes to obtain data
Some emissions are difficult to measure directly
For example, CFCs (Chlorofluorocarbons)
Measure “apparent consumption”:
Domestic production + imports + opening stocks – exports – closing stocks
Some emissions are difficult to measure directly
For example, CFCs (Chlorofluorocarbons)
Measure “apparent consumption”
Domestic production + imports + opening stocks – exports – closing stocks
Conversion factors may depend on type of fuel (use nationally-accepted ones)
Location of releases would be useful for some emissions
Some emission inventories include maps
Conversion factors may depend on type of fuel (use nationally-accepted ones)
Locations of releases would be useful for some emissions
Some emission inventories include maps
SEEA-CF - Water accounts

34. Group exercise - Discussion
Which air emissions are a concern in your country?
Does your country produce:
Energy Accounts?
Emissions inventory?
Air emission accounts?
What is the main data challenge in producing an air emissions account?
SEEA-CF - Air emissions accounts

35. Take home points
Take home points
Air Emission Accounts are a useful addition to emissions inventories to calculate intensities and align with SNA
They can serve to validate emissions inventories
Need to adjust emission inventories to “residence principle”
Territory and residence principle
Some elements can be easily calculated from Energy Accounts
Energy Accounts can be compiled from energy balances and statistics
SEEA-CF - Air emissions accounts

36. References
References
EuroStat Manual for Air Emissions Accounts. GQ
EuroStat. Physical Energy Flow Accounts Builder. accounts.
OECD Pollutant Release and Transfer Registers.
Statistics Canada Human Activity and the Environment 2012: Waste management in Canada. x/ /part-partie1-eng.htm; CANSIM Table &tabMode=dataTable&p1=-1&p2=9&srchLan=-1
Statistics Denmark. Air emissions Accounts.
UN SEEA:
SEEA-CF - Air emissions accounts

37. Acknowledgements Presentation revised by Michael Bordt, ESCAP
Original created by Sokol Vako (UNSD) based on input from Ole Gravgård (Statistics Denmark)
Revised by Hye Kyeong Choi, ESCAP
SEEA-CF - Air emissions accounts