1. Culture and the Individual
Intelligence

2. Intelligence and The Flynn Effect
The 20th century witnessed a dramatic increase in IQ, as much as 3 points per decade
The fact that IQ scores increased so much in such a short amount of time has raised many issues about the nature of intelligence and the tests we use to measure it.
Across generations, the particular types of tests that show the most dramatic increases indicate to a considerable degree our cultural priorities.

3. Psychological Approaches: Intelligence
Spearman’s General Intelligence “g” = positively intercorrelated set of cognitive abilities that allow an individual to see relationships between things and to manipulate those relationships to solve problems.
Derived from giving people a lot of different achievement tests and finding that the scores were highly correlated, indicating that the abilities being tested were related to one another

4. Psychological Approaches: Intelligence
Cattell’s Dual Intelligence Model
Agrees with Spearman’s general definition of intelligence
Argued that g was actually made up of two types of abilities
Fluid Intelligence: The power to reason and use information
Peaks at around age 20 and then remains fairly constant until old age, when it declines
Crystalized Intelligence: Acquired skills and knowledge including knowledge about the best approaches for solving problems and the application of knowledge to specific domains. Continues to increase as we grow older.

5. Psychological Approaches: Intelligence
Gardiner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences
Intelligence = the ability to do things that other people value.
Seven Independent Types of Intelligence
Linguistic
Logical-Mathematical
Musical
Body/Kinesthetic
Spatial
Interpersonal
Intrapersonal
Individuals may be very good at some of these skills while not at
others.

6. Psychological Approaches to Cognition
Vernon’s Vertical Levels of Intelligence Factors
Intelligence A = genetic potential for “g”
Intelligence B = phenotypic* demonstration of “g”
Intelligence C = performance on a specific test
Question: Is Intelligence C a predictor of Intelligence A?
*The actual expression of genetic potential in individual traits and abilities.

7. Psychological Approaches to Cognition
Tests for Intelligence C
May not target important factors of Intelligence B
May be affected by cultural biases such as:
Language
Item content and format
Motivation
Speed
Testing context