1. MI: Diagnostic Imaging for Screening Cancer Mar. 13, 2019
Please get out your journal and grab a laptop!
Please take a handout as well.

2. Let’s review: Who is affected by Cancer?
Open up to your assignment for a stamp.
No stamp = 25% off assignment
Self Assess as we go along!
Be honest, I’ll be re-checking your conclusion questions.
Make sure to total your score and turn in your grading checklist.

3. Smoker, occasional drinker, Caucasian, Has BRCA1 gene
Name of Person:
Age Diagnosed with Cancer:
Type of Cancer:
Possible Risk Factors:
Other Pertinent Information:
Amy Johnson
Age 68
Breast Cancer
Smoker, occasional drinker, Caucasian, Has BRCA1 gene
Mother/Sister has breast cancer
Late pregnancies
Caucasian
Died at 72, cancer spread to liver
Rosemary Garcia
Age 8
Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia
Possible radiation exposure of mom during pregnancy
Mexican decent
Frequently sick, weight loss, swollen lymph nodes.
No family history of cancer
Chemo treatments and is in remission.
Andrew Greene
Age 73
Bladder Cancer
Smoker when younger, quit at age 50.
Lived on dairy farm
Father dies of colon cancer
Bladder infections at 73
Died 1.5 years after diagnosis
Chloe Manning
Age 4
Childhood Medulloblastoma
History of high blood pressure in family
African-American
Age four trouble walking, balance, vomiting, tired
After chemo cancer spread to spine. Died at age 6
Kyle Li
Age
Osteosarcoma
No cancer history
Chinese
Age 14 knee pain with limp, fatigued, weight loss
Surgery removed all cancer, he is in remission/
Ryan Adams
Age 21
Testicular Cancer
Father has same cancer
Found lump in testicle, had it removed, radiation. In remission

4. Clarence Major
Age 65
Colon Cancer
Smoker/Drinker when younger
Brother has history of colon polyps
African-American
Age 65 dx with diabetes
Abdominal pain, blood in stool
Did radiation, died from heart attack 2 years later.
Erin Harris
Age 32
Melanoma
Sister has basal cell carcinoma
Caucasian
Lots of time in sun-pale skin
Removed spot and is ok
Christina Martinez
Age 36
Precancerous HPV
Smoker
Puerto Rican
Vegan diet
Cryosurgery removed cells
Henry Cho
Age 11
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
Grandfather dies of pancreatic cancer
Korean
Age 11 night sweats, breathing issues
Heavy chemo/radiation, when into remission for 4 years and relapsed. Did it again, now ok.
Daniel Robinson
Age 52
Prostate Cancer
Overweight with high blood pressure
Brother diagnosed with prostate cancer
African American
Age 52 blood in urine, trouble urinating.
Treated with hormone and radiation. Still has cancer
Jasmine Thomas
Age 47
Lung Cancer
Worked around auto parts (hazardous materials-asbestos)
Lives with smoker
Father dies of lung cancer
Breathing problems
Died after one year of chemo and radiation

5. What are some Trends and Conclusions from the Case Studies (6 pts)
Adults tend to get cancer verses children
Environmental factors seems to have influences on getting cancer
Family history seems to be a big factor on getting cancer
Losing weight and feeling fatigued seems to be an indicator of cancer
Cancer seems to affect all races and ethnicities- no discrimination
Beating cancer is not guaranteed

6. Conclusion questions (2 pts each):
1. What conclusions can you make concerning who is at risk for developing cancer? Explain using information from the activity. (2pt)
People who have a history of cancer in their family seem to get that type of cancer themselves. For example Ryan Adam’s dad has testicular cancer and he got it as well.
2. Is there a way to predict who is going to get cancer, when they will get it, and/or what type of cancer it will be? Explain. (2pt)
It is difficult to accurately predict cancer, however looking at risk factors and family history along with possible genetic testing could give you a good idea whether or not you are at risk for getting cancer.
3. How do you think a person’s lifestyle can affect his or her chances of developing cancer? Explain and support with an example. (2pt)
Lifestyle choices such as smoking could be a trigger for cancer or working near hazardous materials. For example Jasmine Thomas was around second hand smoke at home and asbestos at work which may have triggered developing cancer.
4. How do you think a person’s age can affect his or her chances of developing cancer? (2pt)
From the activity, it seems like older people have more of a chance at developing cancer. This may be because they’ve has longer to be exposed to environmental factors or perhaps a long time smoking, etc.

7. Cancer Statistics Family Bulletin #3 Mike Smith (fill out pedigree)
For the last couple of months Mike Smith, son of James and Judy Smith, has been experiencing pain in his right proximal humerus. Since Mike is a sixteen year old and has been in the middle of a growth spurt, no one thought Mike’s pain was uncommon for a kid his age. For the last few weeks though, Mike’s pain has gotten worse and the pain is enough to wake him up at night. Mike has a hard time lifting his arm and the area on his arm right below his shoulder has gotten tender, swollen, and red. Judy Smith has been concerned about her son, so she took him to their family physician.
The family physician first did a medical history, asking questions about Mike’s health habits, and asked James and Judy for their family history, including any medical conditions, past illnesses, and treatments. Next, the physician did a physical exam to feel the affected area for any lumps or bumps. As soon as the physician felt Mike’s proximal humerus, Mike jerked his arm away due to pain. The physician could see the area was swollen and red, so an X-ray was ordered as well as several blood tests, including tests to check for alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels. Both ALP and LDH levels were higher than normal, showing bone cell activity in the affected bone may be higher than normal. The X-ray showed a tumor on the humerus bone close to the epiphyseal plate, so the physician referred Mike to an orthopedic oncologist.
The orthopedic oncologist ordered a CT (computer tomography) scan, a radionucleotide bone scan and an MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) to learn more about the tumor. The CT scan was used to show if the tumor had grown into nearby muscle or fat. The radionuclide bone scan was used to show images of all the bones in the body and show if any other bones or the lungs were affected. The MRI was used to show how far the tumor had grown inside the bone. The diagnostic images show that Mike most likely has localized osteosarcoma, a type of cancer that originates in the bone. The cells that form this cancer produce cancerous bone tissue that is not as strong as normal bones. In order to confirm the diagnosis, the orthopedic oncologist has ordered a bone biopsy of the tumor.

8. Diagnostic Imaging Medical Interventions
© 2010 Project Lead The Way, Inc.

9. X-Ray
Noninvasive medical test used to produce images of the inside of the body to help diagnose medical conditions.
X-rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation that is sent through the body.
Structures that are dense, such as bone, will block most of the X-ray particles and appear white.
Metals and contrast media, a special dye used to highlight areas of the body, will also appear white.
Structures containing air will appear black and muscle, fat, and fluid will appear gray.

10. X-Ray Produces two-dimensional images.
Examines bones, teeth, lungs, breasts, heart, blood vessels, and the digestive tract.
Uses ionizing radiation which can increase risk of developing cancer.
©iStockphoto.com

11. X-Ray – The Procedure
X-ray is performed by a machine that sends individual X-ray particles, called photons, through the body.
The photons pass through the body and the resulting images are recorded on a computer or special film.
©iStockphoto.com

12. X-Ray – Advantages and Disadvantages
Quick
Painless
Noninvasive
Relatively inexpensive
Disadvantages
Small amount of radiation exposure
Contrast materials sometimes used might produce an allergic reaction

13. CT Scan – Computerized Tomography
Also called Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT Scan).
Noninvasive medical test used to produce images of the inside of the body to help diagnose and treat medical conditions.
A series of X-ray views taken from many different angles are combined to produce cross-sectional images of the bones and soft tissues inside your body.

14. CT Scan Produces cross-sectional images of the body.
Examines the chest, abdomen, pelvis, spine, and other skeletal structures.
Uses ionizing radiation which can increase your risk of developing cancer.
©iStockphoto.com

15. CT Scan – The Procedure
CT scan is performed inside a large tube that looks like a large doughnut standing on its side, and the person lies on the table in the center.
The X-ray tube rotates around the body.
The table slowly moves through the inside of the machine.
Each rotation yields several images of thin slices of the body.
©iStockphoto.com

16. CT Scan – Advantages and Disadvantages
Painless
Noninvasive
Able to image bone, soft tissue, and blood vessels all at the same time
Can be performed if patient has an implanted medical device of any kind
Disadvantages
Small amount of ionizing radiation exposure
Contrast materials sometimes used might produce an allergic reaction

17. MRI – Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Noninvasive medical test used to produce images of the inside of the body to help diagnose and treat medical conditions.
Unlike X-rays and CT scans, which use radiation, MRI uses powerful magnets and radio waves.
Detailed images produced of soft tissue, versus X-rays and CT scans, which produce images of hard tissues such as bones and teeth.

18. MRI Produces cross-sectional images of the body.
Used to examine the brain, spine, joints, abdomen, blood vessels, and pelvis.
Is very safe as the magnetic field itself does not hurt people (unless they have certain types of metal implanted in their body).

19. MRI – The Procedure
MRI scan is performed inside a large magnet, and the person lies on the table in the center.
The machine scans the body by turning small magnets on and off.
Radio waves are sent into the body.
The machine then receives returning radio waves and uses a computer to create pictures of the part of the body being scanned.
©iStockphoto.com

20. MRI – Advantages and Disadvantages
Noninvasive
Poses almost no risk when safety guidelines are followed
Does not involve exposure to ionizing radiation
Images of the soft tissue structures of the body are more likely to identify and accurately characterize diseases than other imaging methods
Contrast materials sometimes used less likely to produce an allergic reaction than those used in x-rays and CT scans
Disadvantages
Implanted medical devices that contain metal may malfunction or cause problems during an MRI exam
Very slight risk of an allergic reaction if contrast material is injected
Confined space may induce panic or feelings of claustrophobia in some patients

21. Bone Scan
Noninvasive medical test used to produce images of the bones that help diagnose and track several types of bone disease.
Bone scan is a nuclear imaging test using radioactive materials.

22. Bone Scan Produces two-dimensional images of the body.
Used to examine the skeleton to detect abnormalities.
Uses tiny amounts of radioactive materials called tracers (radionuclides).
©iStockphoto.com

23. Bone Scan – The Procedure
An injection of tracers is administered to the patient and allowed to circulate and be absorbed by the bones.
Once absorbed, the patient lies on a table while a machine passes a gamma camera over the body to record the pattern of tracer absorption by the bones.
Radiologists look for abnormal bone metabolism on the scan, areas that show up as darker or lighter where tracers have or have not accumulated.

24. Bone Scan – Advantages and Disadvantages
Noninvasive
Extremely sensitive to abnormalities and variations in bone metabolism
Can scan the entire skeleton
Disadvantages
Cannot determine cause of bone metabolism abnormalities
Tracers used produce a small amount of radiation exposure

25. 3.1.2 Diagnostic Imaging Assignment
Google Classroom Assignment:
Complete the Student Resource sheet using the power point presented in class. The diagnostic imaging examples are in the GC assignment
Make a Concept Map of “Diagnostic Imaging”. Make it LARGE in your journal…use TWO pages! Review rubric for grading on assignment.
Complete the conclusion questions.