1. HEMATOLOGY

2. Blood Average adult = 8-10 pints of blood Functions of the blood:
Functions of the blood: 
Transports nutrients, oxygen, cellular waste products, and hormones
Aids in distribution of heat
Regulates acid-base balance
Helps protect against infection

3. Composition of Blood What is blood made up of?
Plasma—liquid portion of the blood
Serum – plasma after a blood clot is formed
Cellular elements are red cells (erythrocytes), white cells (leukocytes) and platelets(thrombocytes)

4. Plasma Straw colored, contains – Water Blood proteins Plasma proteins
Nutrients
Electrolytes
Hormones, vitamins, enzymes
Metabolic waste products

5. Plasma Proteins
FIBRINOGEN – necessary for blood clotting, synthesized in the liver
ALBUMIN – from the liver, helps maintain blood’s osmotic pressure and volume
PROTHROMBIN – a globulin which helps blood coagulate. Vitamin K necessary for prothrombin synthesis.

6. Erythrocytes Red Blood Cells Shape = biconcave discs
Contains HEMOGLOBIN – gives red color

7. Hemoglobin Made up of Heme and globin Heme=iron Globin=protein
Function = transports oxygen to tissues and carbon dioxide away from cells
Normal – men =14-18 gm, women = gm

8. How Hemoglobin Works Red cells travel through the lungs where
O2 is carried to tissues and released
CO2 picked up and carried back to lungs for exchange
Arterial blood – lots of oxygen = bright red
Venous blood – lots of CO2 = dark crimson

9. Erythropoiesis Manufacture of red blood cells Occurs in bone marrow
Red cells live 120 days
Old cells broken down by the spleen and liver

10. Hemolysis
rupture or bursting of erythrocyte, can be from a blood transfusion or disease.

11. Leukocytes White Blood CellsLarger than erythrocytes
5 types: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes
Normal leukocyte count = 3,200 – 9,800

12. Leukocytes Fight Infection
Phagocytosis--process when white cells surround, engulf, and digest harmful bacteria.

13. Diapedesis
when white cells move through capillary wall into neighboring tissue

14. Inflammation Body’s reaction to chemical or physical trauma
PATHOGENIC – (disease producing) microorganisms can cause inflammation
Symptoms – redness, local heat, swelling and pain
HISTAMINE increases the blood flow to the injured area

15. Terms Related to Inflammation
PUS – a combination of dead tissue, dead and living bacteria, dead leukocytes and plasma
ABSCESS – pus-filled cavity below the epidermis
PYREXIA – increase in body temperature by the hypothalamus – in response to pathogenic invasion

16. Problems with Leukocyte Numbers
LEUKOCYTOSIS – increase in the number of white cells in response to infection
LEUKOPENIA – decrease in number of white cells due to chemotherapy or radiation

17. Thrombocytes Platelets Smallest of solid components of blood
Synthesized in red marrow
Not cells – fragments of cells
Necessary for the initiation of the blood clotting process

18. Coagulation (Clotting)
Cut or injury  platelets and injured tissue release THROMBOPLASTIN  act on PROTHROMBIN in plasma  + Calcium ions converts to THROMBIN  the thrombin acts as an enzyme and changes FIBRINOGEN  FIBRIN creating a mesh that traps red blood cells, platelets and plasma creating a blood clot.

19. Terms Related to Coagulation
ANTICOAGULANTS – prevent blood clotting
HEPARIN = antiprothrombin
PROTHROMBIN—necessary for clotting – dependent on Vitamin K

20. Blood Types Four major types of blood- A, B, AB and O
Inherited from parents
Determined by presence or absence of an ANTIGEN on the surface of the red blood cell

22. Antibodies
a protein in the plasma that will inactivate a foreign substance that enters the body.
Someone with type A blood has b antibodies
Someone with type B blood has a antibodies
Someone with type AB blood has no antibodies
Someone with type O blood has a and b antibodies

23. Blood Donation UNIVERSAL DONOR – O UNIVERSAL RECIPIENT – AB
Red cells (erythrocytes) also may contain Rh factor
If you have it, you’re Rh +
If you don’t, you’re Rh –