1. Theory and Structure Plant versus Animal Kingdoms and Cells
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2. Cell Theory All organisms are composed of one or more cells
The cell is the basic unit of organization (structure and function) of organisms
All cells come from pre-existing cells
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3. Exceptions to the Cell Theory
Electron microscope reveals that mitochondria and chloroplasts can reproduce themselves
Not all living things are composed of cytoplasm and a nucleus surrounded by a cell membrane(Examples: skeletal tissue, slime mold)
Virus particles can reproduce
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4. Cell Organelles
Membrane-bound cell structures that perform one or more functions
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5. Cytoplasm
Fluid protoplasm (living matter) that fills the cell and contains the organelles
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6. Cytoskeleton Network of thin, hollow tubes and fibers
Provides support and shape
Composed of microtubules (thin, hollow cylinders composed of protein) and microfilaments (thin protein fibers)
Microtubules – support
Microfilaments – aid in cell movement
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7. Nucleus EUKARYOTES Control center Contains genetic material (DNA)
Pores in the nuclear membrane permit passage of certain chemicals into cytoplasm
Contains chromosomes (contain code that guides all cell activities)
Chromatin threads (DNA tangles) form the chromosomes
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8. Nucleolus
Found in nucleus
Produces ribosomes
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9. Plasma Membrane
Boundary between cell and external environment that controls transport
Controls movement of what goes into and out of the cell ( Oxygen and nutrients in; waste products and excess water out)
“Selectively permeable” (semi permeable)
Lipid bilayer in which large protein molecules float (Cholesterol is a component)
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10. Pinocytic Vesicles Sac-like enfolding of the plasma membrane
Small particles that cannot pass through the plasma membrane may be taken into the cell
Pinocytosis- “to drink”
Phagocytosis- “to eat” ( a protective mechanism)
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11. Cell Wall Rigid structure surrounding plasma membrane
Provides protection and support
Plants: interwoven fibers containing cellulose (polysaccharide)
Fungi: Chitin (polysaccharide)
Not found in animal cells
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12. Endoplasmic Reticulum
Assembly and transport of proteins
Folded membrane with a network of interconnected departments
Connects nuclear membrane with plasma membrane
Rough ER – attached ribosomes
Smooth ER – no ribosomes
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13. Ribosomes “Protein factories” (Site of protein synthesis)
Free in cytoplasm or attached to Endoplasmic reticulum
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14. Golgi Apparatus Closely stacked flattened sacs
Synthesizes, packages, and secretes cell products
“Carbohydrate producing and packaging factory” (Makes mucus)
Produces lysosomes
Packages and ships proteins made by the cell either out of the cell or to another part of the cell
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15. Lysosomes Round organelles that contain digestive enzymes
Unicellular organisms: digestion of food
Multicellular: digests excess or worn-out cell parts, food particles, invading viruses/bacteria
“Suicide-sacs” – sometimes digest cells that contain lysosomes (Example: tadpole’s tail)
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16. Vacuole Sac of fluid surrounded by a membrane
Stores food, enzymes, and other material needed by the cell
Sometimes stores waste products (Example: protist-collect excess water and pump out of cell)
Plants: large vacuole stores water and other dissolved substances; cause pressure inside plant cells-vacuoles lose water and plant wilts
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17. Mitochondria
Outer membrane and an inner membrane with long, narrow folds called cristae
“Powerhouse of the cell”
“Survival of the cell”
Respiration: food molecules are broken down to release energy
Mitochondria-energy-ATP
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18. Chloroplasts Site of photosynthesis
Light energy converted to chemical energy (Store energy in food molecules-sugars and starches)
A type of plastid (contains pigments)
Green pigment chlorophyll – traps light and is used to make food for plants
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19. Leucoplasts
Colorless plastid involved in storage of starch and other nutrients
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20. Cilia and Flagella Movement
Cilia- short hair-like projection of plasma membrane that have beating motion (found in lining of wind pipe)
Flagella- long, whip-like projections that lash back and forth ( found in sperm cells of plants and animals)
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21. Centrioles/Centrosomes
Most animal cells have centrioles, cylinders containing tiny tubules, that appear to play an important role in mitosis (cell division for growth and repair)
Centrosomes, absent in plants, also play a role in cell division
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22. Plant cell vs. Animal cell
Green plant cells have cell walls and chloroplasts; animal cells do not
Animal cells have centrosomes; plant cells do not
Vacuoles are usually large in plant cells and small in animal cells
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23. Kingdoms and Cells
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24. Archaebacteria Mostly unicellular Lack most organelles
Have cell walls that lack peptidoglycan
Live in hostile environments
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25. Eubacteria Mostly unicellular Lack most organelles
Instead of cellulose, have cell walls made up of peptidoglycan (polymers of modified sugars cross-linked by short polypeptides that vary from species to species)
Some photosynthesis
Bacteria and cyanobacteria
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26. Protists Unicellular or multicellular
Membrane-bounded nucleus; organelles
Include algae, protozoa (ameba and paramecium), and slime molds (slimy mass of protoplasm)
Euglena may be classified with algae or protozoa
PAPS – Protists are Algae, Protozoa, Slime
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27. Fungi
Similar to plants, but have no chlorophyll; cell walls, if any, are different
Nucleus with membrane
Cell organelles
Yeast, bread mold, mildew,mushrooms, truffles
Lichen – a combination of a fungus and an alga found growing on rocks and trees; mutualism; decompose rocks leading to new soil formation; death and decay enriches soil
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28. Plants
Include green, brown, and red algae, mosses, liverworts(simple, branching leaves that grow flat on moist soil or water), ferns, seed plants
True tissues and organs
Chlorophyll
Multicellular, photosynthetic organisms
Cannot move from place to place
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29. Animals Organs and organ systems Can move No photosynthesis
Body plan supports food-seeking activities
Sexual reproduction dominant
Hydra (thread-like; found on submerged vegetation in ponds and lakes) , jellyfish, earthworm, grasshopper, lobster, shark, human
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