2. Parks and Plates ©2005 Robert J. Lillie ANCIENT COLLISIONAL MOUNTAIN RANGE

3. Parks and Plates ©2005 Robert J. Lillie ANCIENT COLLISIONAL MOUNTAIN RANGE

4. Parks and Plates ©2005 Robert J. Lillie ANCIENT COLLISIONAL MOUNTAIN RANGE

5. Parks and Plates ©2005 Robert J. Lillie ANCIENT COLLISIONAL MOUNTAIN RANGE Foreland Basin Mississippi River

6. Parks and Plates ©2005 Robert J. Lillie ANCIENT COLLISIONAL MOUNTAIN RANGE

7. Soft vs. Hard Collisions Parks and Plates ©2005 Robert J. Lillie

8. Soft vs. Hard Collisions Parks and Plates ©2005 Robert J. Lillie DCM Sediments

9. Soft vs. Hard Collisions Parks and Plates ©2005 Robert J. Lillie Accretionary Wedge

10. Soft vs. Hard Collisions Parks and Plates ©2005 Robert J. Lillie

11. Soft vs. Hard Collisions Parks and Plates ©2005 Robert J. Lillie

12. Soft vs. Hard Collisions Parks and Plates ©2005 Robert J. Lillie

13. Soft vs. Hard Collisions Parks and Plates ©2005 Robert J. Lillie

14. Ouachita Mountains, Arkansas Soft Collision Parks and Plates ©2005 Robert J. Lillie

15. Robert J. Lillie Alps, Switzerland Hard Collision Parks and Plates ©2005 Robert J. Lillie

16. Robert J. Lillie Parks and Plates ©2005 Robert J. Lillie

17. Parks and Plates ©2005 Robert J. Lillie

18. Parks and Plates ©2005 Robert J. Lillie

19. Parks and Plates ©2005 Robert J. Lillie

20. Himalayas, India/Tibet Very High Mountains During Collision Parks and Plates ©2005 Robert J. Lillie

21. Brooks Range Parks and Plates ©2005 Robert J. Lillie Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve, Alaska Moderate Height after some Erosion and Rebound

22. Appalachian Mountains Parks and Plates ©2005 Robert J. Lillie Blue Ridge Parkway, North Carolina Lower Mountains after Extensive Erosion High-Grade Metamorphic Rocks

23. Robert J. Lillie Parks and Plates ©2005 Robert J. Lillie

24. Parks and Plates ©2005 Robert J. Lillie TECTONIC DEVELOPMENT OF APPALACHIAN MOUNTAINS

25. Iapetus Ocean Opens Parks and Plates ©2005 Robert J. Lillie TECTONIC DEVELOPMENT OF APPALACHIAN MOUNTAINS

26. Iapetus Ocean Closes Parks and Plates ©2005 Robert J. Lillie TECTONIC DEVELOPMENT OF APPALACHIAN MOUNTAINS

27. Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico Ocean Parks and Plates ©2005 Robert J. Lillie TECTONIC DEVELOPMENT OF APPALACHIAN MOUNTAINS

28. Tectonic Evolution of Southern Appalachian Mountains Pannotia Rifts Apart Parks and Plates ©2005 Robert J. Lillie North America Gondwanaland

29. Iapetus Ocean Opens Parks and Plates ©2005 Robert J. Lillie Tectonic Evolution of Southern Appalachian Mountains

30. Iapetus Ocean Closes During Subduction Parks and Plates ©2005 Robert J. Lillie Tectonic Evolution of Southern Appalachian Mountains

31. Continents Collide, Forming Pangea Parks and Plates ©2005 Robert J. Lillie Tectonic Evolution of Southern Appalachian Mountains

32. Atlantic Ocean Opens Note Tectonic Provinces of Southern Appalachians Parks and Plates ©2005 Robert J. Lillie Tectonic Evolution of Southern Appalachian Mountains

33. Parks and Plates ©2005 Robert J. Lillie ANCIENT COLLISIONAL MOUNTAIN RANGE

34. Parks and Plates ©2005 Robert J. Lillie ANCIENT COLLISIONAL MOUNTAIN RANGE Line of Tectonic Cross Section What do the Appalachians look like below the surface?

35. Marshak, EARTH (Norton, 2005) Southern Appalachian Mountains Parks and Plates ©2005 Robert J. Lillie

36. Marshak, EARTH (Norton, 2005) Southern Appalachian Mountains Parks and Plates ©2005 Robert J. Lillie

37. The VALLEY AND RIDGE PROVINCE is a fold and thrust belt. Parks and Plates ©2005 Robert J. Lillie

38. The VALLEY AND RIDGE PROVINCE is a fold and thrust belt. Compression folds the sedimentary layers, like pushing on a rug. Parks and Plates ©2005 Robert J. Lillie

39. The VALLEY AND RIDGE PROVINCE is a fold and thrust belt. Compression also breaks and shoves the rock layers along thrust faults. Parks and Plates ©2005 Robert J. Lillie

40. The VALLEY AND RIDGE PROVINCE is a fold and thrust belt. The region has numerous folds and thrust faults. Parks and Plates ©2005 Robert J. Lillie

41. Layers also tilt (plunge), eroding to V-shaped patterns. The VALLEY AND RIDGE PROVINCE is a fold and thrust belt. Parks and Plates ©2005 Robert J. Lillie

42. NASA Parks and Plates ©2005 Robert J. Lillie Satellite photos reveal numerous plunging anticlines and synclines. The VALLEY AND RIDGE PROVINCE is a fold and thrust belt.

43. NASA Valley and Ridge Province, Pennsylvania Parks and Plates ©2005 Robert J. Lillie Plunging Anticlines and Synclines

44. Marshak, EARTH (Norton, 2005) Parks and Plates ©2005 Robert J. Lillie The Valley and Ridge Province is a classic FOLD AND THRUST BELT

45. Marshak, EARTH (Norton, 2005) Parks and Plates ©2005 Robert J. Lillie The Valley and Ridge Province is a classic FOLD AND THRUST BELT FoldsThrust Faults

46. Marshak, EARTH (Norton, 2005) Southern Appalachian Mountains Parks and Plates ©2005 Robert J. Lillie

47. Marshak, EARTH (Norton, 2005) Southern Appalachian Mountains Parks and Plates ©2005 Robert J. Lillie

48. Marshak, EARTH (Norton, 2005) Southern Appalachian Mountains Parks and Plates ©2005 Robert J. Lillie

49. Marshak, EARTH (Norton, 2005) Southern Appalachian Mountains Parks and Plates ©2005 Robert J. Lillie

50. Marshak, EARTH (Norton, 2005) Southern Appalachian Mountains Parks and Plates ©2005 Robert J. Lillie

51. Marshak, EARTH (Norton, 2005) Southern Appalachian Mountains Parks and Plates ©2005 Robert J. Lillie

52. Parks and Plates ©2005 Robert J. Lillie The Appalachian/Ouachita/Marathon collisional mountain range lies along the ANCIENT CONTINENTAL MARGIN of North America

53. WEBSITES National Park Service: www.nps.gov Park Geology Tour: www2.nature.nps.gov/grd/tour/index.htm Appalachian/Ouachita/Marathon - 15. Acadia NP: www2.nature.nps.gov/grd/parks/acad/index.htm 16. Big South Fork NR: www2.nature.nps.gov/grd/parks/biso/index.htm 17. Blue Ridge Parkway: www2.nature.nps.gov/grd/parks/blri/index.htm 18. Bluestone NSR&RA: www2.nature.nps.gov/grd/parks/neri/index.htm 19. Chattahoochee River NRA: www.nps.gov/chat/index.htm 20. Delaware Water Gap NRA: www2.nature.nps.gov/grd/parks/dewa/index.htm 21. Gauley River NRA: www2.nature.nps.gov/grd/parks/neri/index.htm 22. Great Smoky Mountains NP: www2.nature.nps.gov/grd/parks/grsm/index.htm 23. Obed WSR: www.nps.gov/obed/index.htm 24. Russell Cave NM: www2.nature.nps.gov/grd/parks/ruca/index.htm 25. Shenandoah NP: www2.nature.nps.gov/grd/parks/shen/index.htm 26. Hot Springs NP: www2.nature.nps.gov/grd/parks/hosp/index.htm 27. Big Bend NP: www2.nature.nps.gov/grd/parks/bibe/index.htm 28. Rio Grande WSR: www.nps.gov/rigr/index.htm Brooks Range - 29. Cape Krusenstern NP: www2.nature.nps.gov/grd/parks/noaa/index.htm 30. Gates of the Arctic NP: www2.nature.nps.gov/grd/parks/gaar/index.htm 31. Kobuk Valley NP: www2.nature.nps.gov/grd/parks/noaa/index.htm 32. Noatak NP: www2.nature.nps.gov/grd/parks/noaa/index.htm U. S. Geological Survey: www.usgs.gov/ Geology in the Parks: www2.nature.nps.gov/grd/usgsnps/project/home.htmlwww.nps.govwww2.nature.nps.gov/grd/tour/index.htmwww2.nature.nps.gov/grd/parks/acad/index.htmwww2.nature.nps.gov/grd/parks/biso/index.htmwww2.nature.nps.gov/grd/parks/blri/index.htmwww2.nature.nps.gov/grd/parks/neri/index.htmwww.nps.gov/chat/index.htmwww2.nature.nps.gov/grd/parks/dewa/index.htmwww2.nature.nps.gov/grd/parks/neri/index.htm www2.nature.nps.gov/grd/parks/grsm/index.htmwww.nps.gov/obed/index.htmwww2.nature.nps.gov/grd/parks/ruca/index.htmwww2.nature.nps.gov/grd/parks/shen/index.htmwww2.nature.nps.gov/grd/parks/hosp/index.htmwww2.nature.nps.gov/grd/parks/bibe/index.htmwww.nps.gov/rigr/index.htmwww2.nature.nps.gov/grd/parks/noaa/index.htmwww2.nature.nps.gov/grd/parks/gaar/index.htmwww2.nature.nps.gov/grd/parks/noaa/index.htm www.usgs.gov/www2.nature.nps.gov/grd/usgsnps/project/home.html Parks and Plates ©2005 Robert J. Lillie