1. The Growth of Cities and American Culture, 1865-1900
Period 6 ( )
Ch.18
AP U.S. History

2. Think About It
To what extent did industrialism and innovation foster change in American society?

3. Immigration Massive Influx Old Immigrants New Immigrants
16.2 million immigrants ( )
8.8 million ( )
Old Immigrants
Northern and Western Europe
New Immigrants
Southern and Eastern Europe; Asia
Catholics, Jews, Orthodox

5. Immigrant Issues Nativist Movement Legislation Ethnic Neighborhoods
Immigration Acts of 1882, 1891
Forbid convicts, lunatics, idiots, diseased, disabled
Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)
Chinese immigration ban for 10 years
Chinese prevented from becoming citizens
Ethnic Neighborhoods
Little Italy
Chinatown

7. Ellis Island “…Give me your tired, your poor,
Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free,
The wretched refuse of your teeming shore…”
Emma Lazarus - The New Colossus, 1883

8. Steel and Urbanization
Skyscrapers
Infrastructure
Grand Central Station
Brooklyn Bridge
Urban Innovation
Mass Transit
Elevated rails
Cable cars
Subways
Elevators
Central steam-heating systems
NYC 1850
NYC c. 1900

9. Gilded Age Urbanization
20% of Americans lived in cities by 1860
40% of Americans lived in cities by 1900

10. Political Machines
A political machine is a political organization in which an authoritative boss or small group commands the support of a corps of supporters and businesses (usually campaign workers), who receive rewards for their efforts. The machine's power is based on the ability of the workers to ”get out the vote” for their candidates on election day.
William “Boss” Tweed is an example of a “boss” of a political machine
Tammany Hall was the name of Boss Tweed’s political machine
Political Machines and immigrants:
Employment, housing, social services for votes

11. Political Machines and Boss Politics
Definition
“in U.S. politics, a party organization, headed by a single boss or small autocratic group, that commands enough votes to maintain political and administrative control of a city, county, or state”
Patronage and spoils system
Tammany Hall (New York City)
William “Boss” Tweed

12. Urban Problems Overcrowding Pollution Crime Sanitation/Water Treatment
Tenement Living
Pollution
Crime
Sanitation/Water Treatment
Disease

15. Urban and Social Reform
Jacob Riis
How the Other Half Lives (1889)
Henry George
Progress and Poverty: An Inquiry into the Cause of Industrial Depressions and of Increase of Want with Increase of Wealth: The Remedy (1879)
"Take now... some hard-headed business man, who has no theories, but knows how to make money. Say to him: "Here is a little village; in ten years it will be a great city in ten years the railroad will have taken the place of the stage coach, the electric light of the candle; it will abound with all the machinery and improvements that so enormously multiply the effective power of labor. Will in ten years, interest be any higher?" He will tell you, "No!" "Will the wages of the common labor be any higher...?" He will tell you, "No the wages of common labor will not be any higher..." "What, then, will be higher?" "Rent, the value of land. Go, get yourself a piece of ground, and hold possession." And if, under such circumstances, you take his advice, you need do nothing more. You may sit down and smoke your pipe; you may lie around like the lazzaroni of Naples or the leperos of Mexico; you may go up in a balloon or down a hole in the ground; and without doing one stroke of work, without adding one iota of wealth to the community, in ten years you will be rich! In the new city you may have a luxurious mansion, but among its public buildings will be an almshouse."

16. Urban and Social Reform
Settlement House
Established in poor urban neighborhoods
Provided education, daycare, and health services
Middle class volunteers
Jane Addams and Hull House
Based in Chicago

17. Urban and Social Reform
Social Gospel
Applying Christian principles to social problems
Based on Matthew 6:10 “Thy kingdom come, Thy will be done on earth as it is in heaven”
“What would Jesus do?” (1896)
Many of these reform movements were led by the middle class; particularly women
Many religious groups took part in the social reform movement
The Salvation Army

18. Temperance and Reform Temperance Organizations Reform Groups
National Prohibition Party (1869)
Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) (1874)
Antisaloon League (1893)
Carrie Nation
“Hatchetations”
Reform Groups
Planned parenthood
Humane societies
Anti-prostitution

19. Intellectual and Cultural Movements Morrill Land Grants--Education
Purpose
“to teach such branches of learning as are related to agriculture and the mechanic arts, in such manner as the legislatures of the States may respectively prescribe, in order to promote the liberal and practical education of the industrial classes in the several pursuits and professions in life.”
Parameters
30,000 acres of federal land
Colleges
University of Florida
Florida A&M
MIT
Cornell

20. Gilded Age Academics Educational Reforms Science Social Sciences
Public Education
Comprehensive education
Compulsory Education
Most states required 8-14 year olds to attend schools
Kindergartens
Led to 90% literacy rate
Colleges and Universities
Increased through federal legislation and philanthropy
Women’s colleges and universities
By % of college students were women
Black colleges and universities
Science
Charles Darwin and Evolution
Technological Innovation
Social Sciences
Scientific method applied to behavioral sciences
Development of psychology, sociology, political science

21. Gilded Age Art Cross Streets of New York (1899) Everett Shin
Ashcan School
Breezing Up (A Fair Wind) (1876)
Winslow Homer
New York (1911)
George Bellows

22. Gilded Age Architecture
Carson Mansion (1886)
Victorian
Chicago Stock Exchange Building (1894)
Louis Sullivan
“form follows function”
Fireproof house
Frank Lloyd Wright

23. Gilded Age Music Mainstream Music Popular Music
John Philip Sousa – The March King
The Washington Post
Stars and Stripes Forever
Semper Fidelis
Popular Music
Ragtime
Originated from black communities combining African syncopation and classical music
Scott Joplin
The Entertainer
The Blues
Originated c from Deep South based on ballads among slaves
Lyrics mostly soulful and melancholy

24. Gilded Age Press and Literature
Newspapers and Magazines
Sensationalism and scandals
Joseph Pulitzer’s New York World
William Randolph Hearst’s The New York Journal
Editorials and investigative journalism
Fiction and Realism
Mark Twain
The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today
Jack London
The Call of the Wild