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Ag II Unit 8 Plant Science
Pearl River High School
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Cereal Grain Production
Chapter Cereal Grain Production
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Lesson Outcomes Plant Science
8 13.2 Describe the morphological characteristics of cereal grains Identify cereal grains by common names and scientific names Explain the production practices of cereal grain crops
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Cereal Grains Plant Science Belong to the grass family
8 13.2 Belong to the grass family More cereal grains are produced than any other crop Cereal grain crops include Corn Wheat Rice Oats Barley Millet Rye Grain sorghum Christine Langer-Pueschel/Shutterstock.com
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Cereal Grains Plant Science
8 13.2 Pseudo-cereals are similar but do not produce a grain-type fruit Buckwheat and quinoa are pseudo-cereals
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Cereal Grains Plant Science
8 13.2 Fruit is called a kernel Bran is the hard outer coating of the kernel Endosperm is the soft inner portion of the kernel Germ is the portion of the seed that forms the living plant Jkwchui
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Corn Plant Science 8 13.2 Most widely produced feed grain in the United States Almost 80 million acres in production Different varieties for specific purposes Dent Flint Flour Sweet Popcorn
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Corn Plant Science Dent corn 8 13.2 Has a physical dent on the kernel
High starch content Used for animal feed, cornmeal flour, manufacturing plastics, and fructose
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Corn Plant Science Flint corn 8 13.2 Hard outer layer
Less soft starch and low water content More resistant to freezing Used for hominy
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Corn Plant Science Flour corn 8 13.2 High soft starch content
Used for corn flour
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Corn Plant Science Sweet corn 8 13.2 High sugar content
Used as human food source Harvested and eaten when immature
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Corn Plant Science Popcorn 8 13.2 Hard coating and high water content
Pops when steam builds up inside Looks droopy in the field
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Wheat Plant Science Major grain crop in the United States 8 13.2
Principle source of human food in the United States More than 2.1 billion bushels grown annually One bushel can produce up to 40 lb of flour
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Wheat Plant Science Types include 8 13.2 Hard red winter wheat
Hard red spring wheat Hard white wheat Durum wheat Soft red winter wheat Soft white wheat
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Rice Plant Science One of the most important grains in human diets
8 13.2 One of the most important grains in human diets United States grows more than 200 million bushels on about 2.7 million acres
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Oats Plant Science Almost 60 million bushels of oats produced
8 13.2 Almost 60 million bushels of oats produced Third most important grain crop for livestock production Typically processed as a whole grain
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Barley Plant Science 8 13.2 Humans have cultivated barley longer than most other grains More than 200 million bushels produced annually in the United States Used for Human food Livestock feed Bread Distilled alcoholic beverages
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Barley Plant Science Types have differing seedheads 8 13.2
Two-row barley grows seeds in two rows Six-row barley grows seeds in six rows Hulless barley not hulless, hull comes off easily
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Millet Plant Science Round seeds commonly found in bird seed
8 13.2 Round seeds commonly found in bird seed More than 3.6 million bushels produced annually in the United States Similar protein content as wheat and corn
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Rye Plant Science 8 13.2 More than 6.6 million bushels produced annually in the United States Used as Cover crop Forage crop Human food
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Grain Sorghum Plant Science
8 13.2 More than 264 million bushels produced annually in the United States Grown as grain and forage crop Highly palatable feed source Cattle graze on stubble Sometimes harvested for silage
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Planting Plant Science Choose best seed for geographic region
8 13.2 Choose best seed for geographic region Purchase fungicide-treated seeds Seedbed preparation helps control weeds Depth and spacing varies by crop
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Planting Plant Science Corn Wheat 8 13.2 Rows planted 30–32 apart
10–14 days before last frost Soil temperature should be above 50°F (10°C) Wheat Rows planted 7 apart Seedlings emerge in 5–7 days
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Planting Plant Science Rice Oats 8 13.2 Rows planted 4–10 apart
Soil temperature should be 50°F (10°C) Produce one seed leaf per week Fields flooded at tiller stage Oats Best planting date depends on area and variety Planting rate varies by end use
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Planting Plant Science Barley Millet 8 13.2
Planted as fall or spring crop Soil temperatures between 55°F and 75°F Ratio of 750,000 plants per acre Millet Rows planted 6–8 apart Grown on less fertile ground Mostly grown for forage
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Planting Plant Science Rye Grain Sorghum 8 13.2
Similar to wheat, barley, and other grains Plant in fall as cover crop May be harvested or tilled into soil Grain Sorghum Rows planted 30–34 apart When soil temperature reaches 60°F (15.6°C)
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Tillage and Cultivation
Plant Science 8 13.2 Most grains adapt to any tillage method Tillage options Conventional tillage Minimum tillage No-till
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Fertilizer Needs Plant Science Soil testing is used to determine need
8 13.2 Soil testing is used to determine need Nitrogen is most commonly needed nutrient Phosphorous helps plants transfer energy Potassium contributes to stalk development Maintaining soil pH is also important
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Pest Control Plant Science Integrated pest management (IPM) 8 13.2
Ecosystem-based pest management Uses combination of techniques Modification of cultural practices Biological control Use of resistant varieties
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Pest Control Plant Science Corn Smut is a common corn fungus 8 13.2
Insect pests include Rootworms Wireworms Cutworms European corn borer Controlled with IPM and pesticides Smut is a common corn fungus
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Pest Control Plant Science Wheat and Oats Barley yellow dwarf
8 13.2 Wheat and Oats Barley yellow dwarf Spread by aphids causing leaves to turn red from top to bottom Crown rust Controlled by fungicide Helminthosporium leaf blotch and loose smut Fungicide-treated seeds can prevent fungi
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Pest Control Plant Science Barley Weeds can be an issue 8 13.2
Competes well against pests Weeds can be an issue Diseases controlled through Crop rotation Irrigation management Planting resistant varieties
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Pest Control Plant Science Millet
8 13.2 Millet Using IPM can reduce weeds Few diseases in the United States Grasshoppers and armyworms are major pests Grain Sorghum Birds are a major pest
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Harvesting Plant Science Corn Wheat Rice 8 13.2
When kernels reach 15%–18% moisture content Wheat When kernels reach 12%–13% moisture content Rice When moisture content drops below 20%
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Harvesting Plant Science Oats, Barley, and Rye Millet Grain Sorghum 8
13.2 Oats, Barley, and Rye Harvested when moisture content is below 13% Millet Plants are cut and windrowed Seedheads dry and a special harvesting attachment is used Grain Sorghum Harvested when moisture is between 20%–25%
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Chapter Oil Crop Production
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Lesson Outcomes Plant Science Identify oil crops and their uses
8 13.3 Identify oil crops and their uses Explain the planting and cultivation practices that produce optimum yields of oil crops
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Oil Crops Plant Science
8 13.3 Oil crops are plants that are grown and harvested to collect oils Includes Corn Soybeans Sunflowers Canola (rapeseed) Peanuts
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Corn Plant Science Grown as both grain and oil crops
8 13.3 Grown as both grain and oil crops Largest oil crop in the United States Less expensive than other vegetable oils Used for Cooking oil Margarine Production of many products
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Soybeans Plant Science More than 75 million acres planted annually
8 13.3 More than 75 million acres planted annually Second largest oil crop in the United States Most soybeans are processed for oil Used for Cooking oils Margarine Candles Ink Lubricants
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Sunflowers Plant Science More than 1.4 million acres grown annually
8 13.3 More than 1.4 million acres grown annually Grown for three reasons High-quality vegetable oil Ingredient in bird feed Habitat restoration Can yield 1,400 lb per acre
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Canola (Rapeseed) Plant Science Second largest feed meal in the world
8 13.3 Second largest feed meal in the world From the rapeseed plant Varieties selected that Have high yields Strong stalk strength Exhibit disease tolerance
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Peanuts Plant Science Gross more than $1 billion annually
8 13.3 Gross more than $1 billion annually More than one million acres in United States Not a true nut, but a legume Peanuts are produced underground
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Planting Oil Crops Plant Science
8 13.3 Most seeds require warm temperatures to germinate Fungicide-treated seeds used to resist disease Distance between rows varies by crop Planting depth varies by crop
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Crop Stress Plant Science
8 13.3 Managing crop stress can be the biggest challenge for a producer Most important factors Soil conditions Weather Pests Nutrient deficiencies
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Fertilizer Needs Plant Science
8 13.3 Fertilizer is based on soil test recommendations Fertilizer type applied varies by crop Beneficial bacteria used with some crops
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Pest Control Plant Science Pests include insects, weeds, and fungi
8 13.3 Pests include insects, weeds, and fungi Each crop has specific pests Integrated pest management (IPM) includes Using treated seeds Planting disease-resistant varieties Crop rotation Scouting for pests Use of pesticides and herbicides
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Pest Control Plant Science Corn Insect pests include
8 13.3 Corn Insect pests include Rootworms Wireworms Cutworms European corn borer Controlled with IPM and pesticides Smut is a common corn fungus
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Pest Control Plant Science Soybeans Insect pests include
8 13.3 Soybeans Insect pests include Aphids Spider mites Japanese beetles Bean leaf beetles Nematodes Controlled with IPM and pesticides
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Pest Control Plant Science Sunflowers Pests include
8 13.3 Sunflowers Pests include Sunflower moth larvae Carrot beetle Downy mildew Rust Weeds Controlled with IPM and pesticides
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Pest Control Plant Science Canola (rapeseed) Pests include
8 13.3 Canola (rapeseed) Pests include Flea beetles Cutworms Lygus bugs Grasshoppers Aphids Blister beetles Controlled with IPM and pesticides Images (top to bottom): flea beetle, cutworm, lygus bug.
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Pest Control Plant Science Peanuts Tomato spotted wilt virus 8 13.3
Transmitted by thrips Controlled by Using optimum seeding rates Using resistant varieties Planting in late spring
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Harvesting Plant Science Corn 8 13.3
When kernels reach 15%–18% moisture content Combine used to harvest
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Harvesting Plant Science Soybeans 8 13.3
Harvested at 12%–15% moisture content Combine used to harvest
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Harvesting Plant Science Sunflowers 8 13.3
Harvested at 18%–20% moisture Use a sunflower head attachment to harvest
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Harvesting Plant Science Canola 8 13.3
Harvest must be timed before seed pods shatter so seeds are not spread onto the ground
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Harvesting Plant Science Peanuts 8 13.3
Digger-shaker machine that shakes the soil loose and leaves seedpods in the field to dry Windrows are then threshed and peanuts harvested
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Chapter Fiber Crop Production
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Lesson Outcomes Plant Science
8 13.4 Describe the basic production practices for growing and harvesting cotton Explain the process of preparing cotton for textile processing Describe the basic production practices for growing and harvesting flax
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Cotton Plant Science 8 13.4 Historically and presently a major crop in the United States More than 14 million acres of cotton are in production Average value exceeds $3 billion annually
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Cotton Plant Science Uses for cotton include 8 13.4
Cottonseed as a livestock feed additive Cottonseed oil is used in many products Fiber used in the manufacture of fabrics, tire cord, cardboard, and paper
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Planting Plant Science Planted in late spring
8 13.4 Planted in late spring Rows planted 36–40 apart Seedlings emerge 5–7 days after planting
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Square Stage Plant Science
8 13.4 The square stage occurs when three bracts form a triangle to protect the growing flower bud A bract is a small cluster of flowers found in the axil of a stem This cotton plant shows two cotton squares (top and right), a fully formed flower (middle), and a boll emerging from a square (bottom).
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Fertilizer Needs Plant Science
8 13.4 Cotton grows slowly for the first 40–60 days Rapid growth occurs at square stage Adequate fertilizer critical for growth Soil testing should be used to determine fertilizer needs
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Pest Control Plant Science
8 13.4 In the past, boll weevil had huge negative impacts on cotton production Eliminated through vigorous scouting and control measures
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Pest Control Plant Science
8 13.4 Eradication of boll weevil reduced the amount of pesticides needed Insects and disease controlled by Selecting varieties resistant to disease Vigorous scouting Using Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)
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Harvesting Plant Science
8 13.4 The boll splits open about 10 weeks after flowering Defoliant is applied to kill the plant A cotton picker is used to pick bolls
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Harvesting Plant Science
8 13.4 Harvesting should be done when bolls are dry to prevent Mildew or staining Jams in harvest machinery Cotton bales heating and combusting Cottonseeds sprouting
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Ginning Cotton Plant Science Cotton bales taken to cotton gin
8 13.4 Cotton bales taken to cotton gin Ginning is the removal of seeds and debris
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Flax Plant Science Food and fiber crop Uses 8 13.4
Breakfast cereals, bread, pet foods, and livestock feed Oil used in linoleum production Fiber used to make linen Straw used in biofuel production Erosion control
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U.S. Flax Production Plant Science Grown primarily in North Dakota
8 13.4 Grown primarily in North Dakota More than 5.8 million bushels produced annually
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Planting Plant Science Seeded in early spring
8 13.4 Seeded in early spring Rows planted 24–36 apart Needs deep loamy soil Can grow several centimeters a day in optimal conditions
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Fertilizer Needs Plant Science
8 13.4 Fertilizer is based on soil test recommendations May rely on crop rotation to assist in soil nutrient maintenance
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Pest and Disease Control
Plant Science 8 13.4 Generally not plagued by many diseases or pests Fungus has been noted in some varieties
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Harvesting Plant Science Harvested with a combine
8 13.4 Harvested with a combine Straw value affected heavily by weeds Late July to mid-August Best harvested as base begins to turn yellow
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