1. Neutralization

2. Acid – Base Reactions
All neutralization rxns are double replacement rxns
Strong acid + Strong Base = Salt + Water
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq)  NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)

3. Titrations
Process of determining the concentration of an unknown solution by adding a known solution.
The known solution is called the standard solution
Using an indicator, you can determine when an end point has been reached.

4. Normality
The normality (N) of a sol’n is the concentration expressed as the number of equivalents of solute in one liter of sol’n
One equivalent is the amount of acid or base that will give one mole of hydrogen or hydroxide ions, respectively.

5. Continued
Examples

6. Titration Calculations
In a titration, the point of neutralization is called the equivalence point

7. Buffers
Buffers are solutions in which the pH remains relatively constant when small amounts of acid or base are added
A buffer is a solution of a weak acid, or base, and one of its salts

8. Continued
Example

9. Buffer capacity
The amount of acid or base that can be added to a buffer sol’n before a significant change in pH occurs is called the buffer capacity

10. Solubility Product Constant

11. Common ion effect A common ion is an ion that is common to both salts.
The lowering of the solubility of a substance by the addition of a common ion is called the common ion effect