2. 76.1 – Describe how our behavior is affected by the presence of others.
How a group’s members interact with one another is often the direct result of leadership style. A charismatic leader can be extremely motivating to a group, while a leader who is disorganized or reserved may be uninspiring. The group itself may promote or discourage certain types of behavior in its members. In all, leaders and the groups they are in charge of greatly influence the actions of individuals.

3. 76.1 – Describe how our behavior is affected by the presence of others.
Leadership
With all groups there needs to be a leader, as well as followers. Some are considered task-oriented leaders, leaders who direct strongly and are driven by production and goals. Task-oriented leaders are often those who discourage discussion within the group because they believe it serves as a distraction to productivity. Leadership that is considered person oriented is concerned more with group harmony than with production. Such leaders typically seek the advice of their workers.

4. 76.1 – Describe how our behavior is affected by the presence of others.
Influence of the Group on Behavior
1) Social-Facilitation
Definition: performance improves due to the presence of others.
Example – Haley is an excellent pool player. She plays best when others are watching.
Social Facilitation (Do GOOD, Do BETTER)
An individual’s performance gets better in the presence of others
Pool players who made 71% of their shots when alone, made 80% when they had spectators

5. 76.1 – Describe how our behavior is affected by the presence of others.
Influence of the Group on Behavior
2) Social-Inhibition (evaluation apprehension)
Definition: performance decreases in the presence of others for fear of being embarrassed.
Example – Terry is not very good at juggling. When people are watching, he makes a lot of mistakes.
Social Inhibition/Impairment (Do BAD, Do WORSE)
An individual’s performance gets worse in the presence of others
Poor players who made 36% of their shots when alone, made only 25% of their shots when they had spectators

6. 76.1 – Describe how our behavior is affected by the presence of others.
Influence of the Group on Behavior
3) Social Loafing
Definition: the larger the group, the less a person feels personally responsible, and therefore doesn’t put forth his or her full effort.
Example – Liz is participating in a team game of tug-of-war. She is one of 14 team members on her team, so she thinks she doesn’t need to try very hard.
Social Loafing
A reduction in effort by individuals when they work in groups as compared to when they work by themselves
Tug-of-War
Group projects

7. 76.1 – Describe how our behavior is affected by the presence of others.
Influence of the Group on Behavior
4) Deindividuation
Definition: lowered sense of self-identity due to the anonymity produced by being in a large crowd.
Example – during her high school’s spirit assembly, Tristen throws a paper airplane at the school principal. He is sitting on the lowest level of the crowded bleachers.

8. 76.2 – Explain group polarization and groupthink, and discuss the power of the individual.
Influence of the Group on Behavior
5) Group Polarization
Definition: Having an opinion strengthened after listening to an extreme position that factors that opinion.
Example – Andrea, who cares about the environment, attended an Earth Day rally. After the rally, she was even more strongly committed to the environmental cause.
Group Polarization
The enhancement of a group’s prevailing inclinations through discussions within the group; may produce a shift towards a more extreme decision
Typically considered a “normal” group process

9. 76.2 – Explain group polarization and groupthink, and discuss the power of the individual.
Influence of the Group on Behavior
6) Group Think
Definition: members of the group stress unity over potential conflict.
Example – Paul and his friends are trying to figure out what to do for the evening. Paul suggests a movie, but his friends want to go to the park. Not wanting to upset and break rank with his friends, Paul agrees to go to the park.
Groupthink
When members of a cohesive group emphasize concurrence at the expense of critical thinking in arriving at a decision
Typically considered a “diseased” group process
Bay of Pigs Invasion
Challenger Explosion

10. 76.2 – Explain group polarization and groupthink, and discuss the power of the individual.
the power of social influence is enormous, but so is the power of the individual.
non-violent fasts and appeals by Gandhi led to the independence of India from the British.

11. 76.3 – Describe how behavior is influenced by cultural norms.
Cultural Influences
a culture is a set of behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group and transmitted from one generation to the next.
cultural norms are understood rules that inform members of a culture about accepted and expected behaviors.
cultures differ across time and space.

12. 76.3 – Describe how behavior is influenced by cultural norms.
Cultural Influences
a culture is a set of behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group and transmitted from one generation to the next.
cultural norms are understood rules that inform members of a culture about accepted and expected behaviors.
cultures differ across time and space.