1. Kingdom: Animals Domain Eukarya Slide show modified from:
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
Common ancestor
Slide show modified from:
Kim
Blue edged slides are Kim’s

2. Animal Characteristics
Heterotrophs
must ingest others for nutrients
Multicellular
complex bodies
No cell walls
allows active movement
Sexual reproduction
no alternation of generations
no haploid gametophyte

3. Invertebrate: Porifera
food taken into each cell by endocytosis
Sponges
Diploblastic (two germ layers)
no distinct tissues or organs
do have specialized cells
no symmetry
sessile (as adults)

4. Invertebrate: Cnidaria
Jellyfish, hydra, sea anemone, coral
Diploblastic (two germ layers)
tissues, but no organs
radial symmetry
predators
tentacles surround gut opening
GASTROVASCULAR cavity
extracellular digestion
release enzymes into gut cavity

5. Stinging cells of Cnidarians
hydra
stinging cell
with nematocyst
trigger
discharged
nematocyst
undischarged
tentacles
mouth
sensory
cell

6. 3 KINDS OF WORMS - 3 KINDS OF COELOMS
ectoderm
mesoderm
FLATWORMS
endoderm
acoelomate
ectoderm
mesoderm
ROUND WORMS
endoderm
pseudocoelomate
SEGMENTED
WORMS
ectoderm
mesoderm
True coelomate
endoderm

7. Invertebrate: Platyhelminthes
Flatworms
Triploblastic (3 germ layers)
Acoelom
Fluke, tapeworm, Planaria
Some parasitic
bilaterally symmetrical
Have “less than 2” opening digestive system
Flame cells-excretory
Breathe through skin
Open circulation
Tapeworm
Planaria
GASTROVASCULAR
CAVITY
absorb thru skin

8. Invertebrate: Nematoda
Roundworms
Triploblastic
Pseudocoelom
bilaterally symmetrical
have both mouth & anus
well-developed digestive system
many are parasitic
Hookworm, pinworms
Breathe through skin
Open circulation
C. elegans

9. Invertebrate: Annelida
earthworm
Segmented worms
earthworms, leeches
segments are not specialized
bilaterally symmetrical
true coelom
2 opening digestive system
Breathe through skin
CLOSED circulation
NEPHRIDIA- excretory
fan worm
leech

10. Invertebrate: Mollusca
Mollusks
clams, snails, octopus
bilaterally symmetrical
soft bodies, many protected by hard shells
true coelom
OPEN circulation (except cephalopods)

11. Invertebrate: Arthropoda
Spiders, insects, crustaceans
most successful animal phylum
bilaterally symmetrical
segmented
JOINTED APPENDAGES
EXOSKELETON (chitin + protein)
OPEN CIRCULATION

12. Arthropod groups arachnids crustaceans insects 8 legs, 2 body parts
MALPIGHIAN TUBULES
spiders, ticks, scorpions
crustaceans
gills, 2 pairs antennae
Green glands
crab, lobster, barnacles, shrimp
insects
6 legs, 3 body parts

13. Invertebrate: Echinodermata
Starfish, sea urchins, sea cucumber
Adults - radially symmetrical
Larva-bilaterally symmetrical
spiny endoskeleton
Water vascular system
OPEN circulation

14. Invertebrate quick check…
Invertebrates: Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Annelida, Mollusca, Arthropoda, Echinodermata
Which phylum includes snails, clams, and octopus?
Which phylum is the sponges?
Which are the flatworms?
…segmented worms?
…roundworms?
Which phylum has jointed appendages & an exoskeleton?
Which two groups are radially symmetrical?
Which group has no symmetry?
Type of circulation most invertebrates have?
Which groups are DIPLOBLASTIC?

15. PHYLUM = Chordata CHARACTERISTICS: NOTOCHORD
PHARYNGEAL POUCHES POST ANAL TAIL
DORSAL NERVE CORD
hollow dorsal
nerve cord
becomes brain & spinal cord
becomes gills or Eustachian tube
pharyngeal
pouches
becomes vertebrae
postanal
tail
becomes tail or tailbone
notochord

16. SUBPHYLUM = VERTEBRATA
fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals
VERTEBRATE CHARACTERISTICS:
ALL CHORDATE CHARACTERISTICS PLUS:
Bones or cartilage around a dorsal nerve cord
Cranium (skull) to protect brain
Endoskeleton made of bone or cartilage
Closed circulatory system

17. NOTOCHORD Notochord: flexible rod
Helps organize developing cells in embryo
Replaced by spinal cord in most vertebrates
Becomes the vertebrae

18. DORSAL NERVE CORD VENTRAL HEART Spinal cord forms along dorsal side
Images from:

19. PHARYNGEAL POUCHES Become gills in some vertebrates
Become back of throat and inner ears in humans

20. POST ANAL TAIL

21. Human Embryo 32 days old Pharyngeal arches appear during 4th week
Pharyngeal arches
appear during 4th week
Tail disappears at
approximately 8 weeks

22. Vertebrates: Fish Characteristics body structure body function
450 mya
salmon, trout, sharks
Vertebrates: Fish
Characteristics
body structure
bony OR cartilaginous skeleton
Scales, fins
Lungs/swim bladder
body function
gills for gas exchange
two-chambered heart; single loop blood circulation
ectotherms
reproduction
external fertilization
external development in aquatic egg
gills
body

23. Transition to Land Evolution of tetrapods Evidence suggests
Tibia
Femur
Fibula
Humerus
Shoulder
Radius
Ulna
Pelvis
Lobe-finned fish
Early amphibian
Evidence suggests
lobe finned fish are
ancestors
of amphibians

24. TIK-TAALIK Intermediate between fish and early tetrapods
TIK-TAALIK
Intermediate between fish and early tetrapods
Fins have basic wrist bones and simple fingers
Earliest fish with a neck
Discovered by Neil Shubin and Ted Daeschler in 2004

25. Vertebrates: Amphibian
350 mya
frogs
salamanders toads
Vertebrates: Amphibian
lung
buccal
cavity
glottis
closed
Characteristics
body structure
legs (tetrapods)
Thin, moist skin
body function
lungs (positive pressure) & diffusion through skin for gas exchange
three-chambered heart/2 loops
Ectotherms
Excrete UREA
reproduction
external fertilization
external development in aquatic egg
metamorphosis (tadpole to adult)

26. Vertebrates: Reptiles
250 mya
dinosaurs, turtles
lizards, snakes
alligators, crocodile
Vertebrates: Reptiles
Characteristics
Dry, scaly skin
body function
lungs for gas exchange
three-chambered heart/2 loops (except crocodilians)
ectotherms
excrete URIC ACID
reproduction
INTERNAL fertilization
external development- AMNIOTIC egg
embryo
leathery
shell
chorion
allantois
yolk sac
amnion

27. IMPORTANT DEVELOPMENT
AMNIOTIC EGG reptiles didn’t have to return to water to lay eggs
amnion -bag of waters; the extraembryonic membrane of birds, reptiles, and mammals, which lines the chorion and contains the fetus and the amniotic fluid

28. Vertebrates: Birds Characteristics body structure body function
150 mya
finches, hawk
ostrich, turkey
Vertebrates: Birds
Characteristics
body structure
feathers & wings
thin, hollow bone; flight skeleton
body function
very efficient lungs & air sacs
four-chambered heart/2 loops
endotherms
excrete URIC ACID
reproduction
INTERNAL fertilization
external development in AMNIOTIC egg
trachea
anterior
air sacs
lung
posterior

29. Vertebrates: Mammals Characteristics body structure body function
220 mya / 65 mya
mice, ferret
elephants, bats whales, humans
Vertebrates: Mammals
Characteristics
body structure
hair
specialized teeth
body function
lungs, diaphragm; negative pressure
four-chambered heart/2 loops
endotherms
reproduction
internal fertilization
internal development in uterus
nourishment through placenta
birth live young
mammary glands make milk
muscles
contract
diaphragm
contracts

30. Vertebrates: Mammals Sub-groups monotremes marsupials placental
egg-laying mammals
duckbilled platypus, echidna
marsupials
pouched mammals
short-lived placenta
koala, kangaroo, opossum
placental
true placenta
shrews, bats, whales, humans

31. Vertebrate quick check…
Which vertebrates lay eggs with shells?
Which vertebrates are covered with scales?
What adaptations do birds have for flying?
What kind of symmetry do all vertebrates have?
Which vertebrates are ectothermic and which are endothermic?
Why must amphibians live near water?
What reproductive adaptations made mammals very successful?
What characteristics distinguish the 3 sub-groups of mammals?