1. An Overview of Anatomy Anatomy Physiology
The study of the structure of the human body
Physiology
The study of body function

2. Many Levels of Structural Organization
Chemical level- Atoms combine to form molecules
Cellular level- reflect their particular functions in the body
Tissue level- Consist of groups of similar cells (epithelial, connective, muscular, and neural)
Organ level- two or more tissue types making an organ with complex function
Organ system level- group of organs that cooperate to accomplish a common purpose (example: cardiovascular system with heart and blood vessels)

4. Organ Systems Overview
ORGAN SYSTEM – a group of organs which act together to perform a specific, related function
Integumentary
Skeletal
Muscular
Nervous
Endocrine
Cardiovascular
Lymphatic
Digestive
Respiratory
Urinary
Reproductive

5. Gross Anatomy – An Introduction
Anatomical position – a common visual reference point
Person stands erect with feet slightly apart and eyes forward
Palms face anteriorly with the thumbs pointed away from the body
Directional terminology – refers to the body in anatomical position
Standardized terms of directions are paired terms

6. Axial region – the main axis of the body
Appendicular region – the limbs

7. Anatomic Terminology Position and Directional Terms
ANTERIOR or VENTRAL – front or in front of
POSTERIOR or DORSAL – back or in back of
CRANIAL – refers to the head of the body
CAUDAL – means tail end
SUPERIOR – upper or above something
INFERIOR – lower or below something
MEDIAL – toward the middle
LATERAL – toward the side of the body
PROXIMAL – toward the point of attachment to the body or the trunk of the body
DISTAL – away from the point of attachment to the body
SUPERFICIAL (EXTERNAL) – near the surface or outside the body
DEEP (INTERNAL) – inside the body

10. Three Major Planes When a section or cut is made through
the body wall or an organ, it is made
along an imaginary line called a plane.

11. Body Planes and Sections
Coronal (frontal) plane
Lies vertically and divides body into anterior and posterior parts
Median (midsagittal) plane
Specific sagittal plane that lies vertically in the midline

12. Body Planes and Sections
Transverse plane
Runs horizontally and divides body into superior and inferior parts
Figure 1.5

13. Oblique Section Through the Trunk

14. Banana Sectioned into Planes

15. Cavities of the Body
DORSAL CAVITY – contains brain and spinal cord – the brain is in the CRANIAL CAVITY and the spinal cord is in the SPINAL CAVITY.
ANTERIOR or VENTRAL CAVITY contains the THORACIC and ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITIES
The thoracic cavity contains the lungs and heart
ABDOMINAL CAVITY contains stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder and pancreas
PELVIC CAVITY contains urinary bladder and reproductive organs

19. The Balance of Body Functions
Survival of the individual and of the genes is the body’s most important business
Survival depends on the maintenance or restoration of homeostasis (relative constancy of the internal environment); the body uses negative feedback loops and, less often, positive feedback loops to maintain or restore homeostasis

20. Negative Feedback Loop
The response reverses a change in a controlled condition
Like thermostat in your house, the hypothalamus senses when the environment gets cold and triggers other physiological responses – shivering, vasoconstriction of peripheral blood vessels. (in warm environments, sweating and vasodilation)

21. Positive Feedback Loop
Response strengthens the change in a controlled condition
Example: When a baby is ready to be born the hypothalamus signals the release of oxytocin which triggers uterus contractions, as the uterus contracts the baby begins to move down in the birth canal which signals the release of more oxytocin and so on…until the baby is born

22. The Balance of Body Functions
All organs function to maintain homeostasis
Body functions are related to age; peak efficiency is during young adulthood, diminishing efficiency occurs after young adulthood