1. Georgia and the American Experience
Chapter 12:
Baby Boomers, Rebellion, and Wars
Study Presentation
©2005 Clairmont Press

2. Georgia and the American Experience
Section 1: The Postwar Period
Section 2: Georgia After WWII
Section 3: The Civil Rights Movement
Section 4: A Period of Protests and Challenges
©2005 Clairmont Press

3. Section 1: The Postwar Period
ESSENTIAL QUESTION:
How was life in the U.S. different after WWII?

4. Section 1: The Postwar Period
What words do I need to know?
suburbs
baby boom
Cold War
Korean War

5. Television Changes America
Television use expanded in the 1950s
Frozen dinners were invented to heat quickly and eat in front of the TV
More televisions were in homes and people spent more time watching
ABC, CBS, NBC were major networks
Entertainment was important
People could now watch news events almost as they happened

6. The Cold War Relations between the US and USSR became tense
Cold War: a war of words and diplomacy
US and USSR were world’s most powerful countries
USSR kept eastern Europe in communism behind the “iron curtain”
Containment of communism led to war in Korea and Vietnam

7. The Korean War Korea was divided after WWII
38th parallel was line between communist North and democratic South
June 25, 1950: North Korea invaded South Korea
United Nations countries sent troops to assist South Korea
25,000 Americans killed; 500 Georgians
Peace declared in July 1953; no winner
Many businesses benefited from doing business with the military bases and armed forces
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8. Section 2: Georgia After WWII
ESSENTIAL QUESTION:
What events affected Georgians after World War II?

9. Section 2: Georgia After WWII
What words do I need to know?
National School Lunch Act
Georgia Minimum Foundation Program for Education Act
one-person, one-vote concept
reapportionment

10. An Atlanta Tragedy December 7, 1946: Winecoff Hotel fire
Hotel was Atlanta’s tallest at 15 floors
There were nearly 300 guests; 119 killed
1948: Georgia enacted stricter fire codes for hotels and other businesses

11. Industries Move into Georgia
Businesses continued to move into the state
Air conditioning began to be installed making year round work more comfortable
Georgia’s low taxes were attractive to workers and businesses
Lockheed became largest employer
CDC: Centers for Disease Control – Atlanta headquarters established

12. The Three Governors Episode
Newly re-elected governor Eugene Talmadge died before taking office
The previous governor, Ellis Arnall, the Lieutenant Governor, and Talmadge’s son, Herman, fought over who would govern
The Georgia Supreme Court ruled that a special election must be held
Herman Talmadge was elected

13. Georgia Governors
Melvin Thomas: purchased Jekyll Island to build a state-owned resort; established UGA Veterinary School
Herman Talmadge: Minimum Foundation Program for Education Act – established 9-month school year raised standards for schools
Marvin Griffin: began educational television; oversaw purchase of Stone Mountain for park

14. “One Person, One Vote”
The concept that each citizen’s vote should equal every other citizen’s vote
County-unit system was declared unconstitutional in 1962
This change caused more representatives to come from urban areas
General Assembly had to reapportion (redraw) voting districts to ensure districts of equal population size

15. Georgia Governors
Carl Sanders: elected in 1962; worked to diffuse racial violence; increased spending on education; used television ads to campaign
Lester Maddox: elected 1967; surprise winner; appointed more African Americans to state office than all other governors combined; integrated the State Patrol; “People’s Days” – any Georgian could visit and talk with the governor
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16. Section 3: The Civil Rights Movement
ESSENTIAL QUESTION
What advances were made in civil rights during the postwar period?

17. Section 3: The Civil Rights Movement
What words do I need to know?
Brown v. Board of Education
Southern Christian Leadership Conference
Sit-in
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Voting Rights Act of 1965

18. Section 3: The Civil Rights Movement
What people do I need to know?
Martin Luther King, Jr.
Charlayne Hunter & Hamilton Holmes
Ivan Allen
Andrew Young

19. The Supreme Court and Education
1948: racial integration ordered in armed forces
1950: Brown v. Board of Education – case struck down “separate but equal” concept; schools were to be integrated
Sibley Commission: found that most Georgians would rather close schools than integrate
More private schools opened
1961: Charlayne Hunter and Hamilton Holmes first African American students at UGA
1971: All Georgia public schools integrated

20. Montgomery Bus Boycott
Dec. 1, 1955: Rosa Parks, African American, refused to give up her bus seat to whites in Montgomery, AL
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and the NAACP organized civic leaders and prepared marches
Supreme court ruled segregation on public transportation unconstitutional

21. A Nonviolent Movement is Born
Martin Luther King, Jr. of Atlanta
Developed a nonviolent approach to social change
Four-prong approach:
direct, nonviolent actions
legal remedies
ballots
economic boycotts
SCLC: Southern Christian Leadership Conference – civil rights group led by Dr. King
Sit-in: Dr. King’s strategy to people refuse to leave a public building until their demands are met

22. The Albany Movement
1961: Albany, GA becomes center of civil rights activity
SNCC: Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee – challenged segregated bus system in Albany
Nearly 500 people jailed
Biracial committee formed to study concerns of African Americans

23. Protests Move to Alabama
1963: Martin Luther King, Jr. begins work to integrate all aspects of public life in Birmingham, AL
Over 3000 people arrested
Bomb killed 4 black children in their church
African Americans and whites from the north and south began to join together to stop the violence

24. The Civil Rights Act President Kennedy created new civil rights laws
Kennedy was assassinated before the new laws came into effect
Lyndon Johnson became president and pushed for passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
All public facilities had to be integrated
Discrimination was prohibited in business and labor unions

25. The Voting Rights Act
1964: Freedom Summer – Martin Luther King, Jr. and SNCC worked to get African Americans registered to vote
Selma-to-Montgomery, AL march led by Dr. King
Nearly 30,000 marchers
Congress passed the Voting Rights Act of 1965 – one million African Americans were registered to vote

26. A Shift in Mood
Some people moved from the nonviolent strategies to more aggressive ones
SNCC and “Black Panthers” confronted police
Malcolm X preached black separatism
Race riots in Los Angeles, Detroit, and Newark
April 1968: Dr. King assassinated in Memphis, TN while working with striking sanitation workers

27. Atlanta: A Case Study in Change
Integration in Atlanta was relatively peaceful
Church leaders get much credit for this peaceful change
William Hartsfield: Atlanta mayor who expanded Atlanta’s airport and worked with African American and white leaders; worked to integrate Atlanta’s schools
Ivan Allen: Atlanta mayor ordered removal of “white” and “colored” segregation signs in the City Hall; integrated police and fire services and city government
Troubled times followed but were overcome
The city became known as “the city too busy to hate”
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28. Section 4: A Period of Protests and Challenges
ESSENTIAL QUESTION
What problems faced Americans during the 1970s?

29. Section 4: A Period of Protests and Challenges
What words do I need to know?
Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority
women’s rights movement
affirmative action program
National Organization for Women
National Women’s Political Caucus
Equal Rights Amendment
Title IX
Vietnam War
Watergate

30. Georgia in the 1970s
Ted Turner: TBS television network expanded from one station to a national network
MARTA: Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority – began rapid rail service in Atlanta
James Earl Carter: 1970 – elected governor of Georgia; served as President of the United States
As president, negotiated peace between Israel and Egypt
Problems as president: high energy costs, high interest rates, high inflation, 52 American hostages held in Iran
Georgia cities began to lose population to the suburbs
Cities have worked to attract residents

31. The Women’s Rights Movement
Women’s Rights Movement: women gained confidence that they could do the same jobs as men and should have the same rights
Women often could not get credit at banks
NOW: National Organization for Women – promoted women’s rights issues
ERA: Equal Rights Amendment – never became part of the Constitution
1972: Title IX – President Nixon signed law which prohibited discrimination in education (academics or athletics)

32. Vietnam Divides America
North Vietnam: communist
South Vietnam: democratic
USA began support South Vietnam against the North
1968: Over 500,000 Americans involved in Vietnam War
Protests against the war increased
1973: war ended with no clear victor – Vietnam is now united and communist

33. Watergate
1972: Group of men arrested for breaking into the Watergate building in Washington, DC to “bug” Democratic National Committee offices
Evidence supported that President Nixon knew of the burglary and tried to cover it up
Nixon resigned and Vice-President Gerald Ford became president

34. The Energy Crisis 1973: US supports Israel in its war with Egypt
Arab nations stop selling oil to the US
Price of gas went up and there were shortages
Georgians began to drive less and purchase fuel-efficient cars
Prudhoe Bay, Alaska: Alaskan Pipeline brought oil to the “lower 48” states
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