1. To Know from Kramer & Dougherty (2013)
Examples of times groupthink (bad) was present, but outcomes weren’t necessarily
Ways this occurred & how avoided neg. outcomes
Ways the ex’s could easily have had neg. results
Potential for pos, neg, or ambiguous outcomes

2. History of Groupthink Theory

3. Assumptions Conditions in grps promote high
“We” instead of “I”
2. Grp problem solving is mostly
Affiliative constraints -
Homogeneity -
3. Grps & decision-making are complex
Antecedent Conditions -
Symptoms -

4. Symptoms Concurrence seeking Overestimation of group Closed-Mindedness
Illusion of
Belief in
Closed-Mindedness
Collective rationalization (ignore warnings)
Pressure toward
Self-appointed

5. Ways to Prevent Engage in vigilant decision-making process
Janis recommended 8, but criticized (collegiality/fractionalism)… so…
‘tHart (1994) proposes 4:
Require
Embrace
Allow for objection –
Balance

6. Strengths
Only applied by Janis to decision-making groups in crisis periods

7. Weaknesses
– ½ symptoms of groupthink are not associated with concurrence seeking, as theory proposes