1. Chapter 5
The English Language

2. English Speaking Countries: How did English Evolve and Diffuse Across the Globe?
Fig. 5-1: English is the official language in 42 countries, including some in which it is not the most widely spoken language. It is also used and understood in many others.

3. Origin, Evolution, & Diffusion of English
Stages:
Indo-European Hearth
Kurgan & Anatolian
German Invasion of the British Isles
The Angels, Saxons, & Jutes
Germanic Branch Today
Norman Invasion
Brings French Influence to English
English Colonies Around the World
English as an Official Language

4. Anatolian Hearth Theory of Indo-European Origin
Fig. 5-10: In the Anatolian hearth theory, Indo-European originated in Turkey before the Kurgans and diffused through agricultural expansion.

5. Kurgan Theory of Indo-European Origin
Fig. 5-9: In the Kurgan theory, Proto-Indo-European diffused from the Kurgan hearth north of the Caspian Sea, beginning about 7,000 years ago.

6. German Invasions of England 5th–11th centuries
Fig. 5-2: The groups that brought what became English to England included Jutes, Angles, Saxons, and Vikings. The Normans later brought French vocabulary to English.

7. Germanic Branch of Indo-European
Fig. 5-6: The Germanic branch today is divided into North and West Germanic groups. English is in the West Germanic group.

8. Norman Invasion: 1066 French Influence on English:
During the Norman occupation, about 10,000 French words were adopted into English, some three-fourths of which are still in use today.
Sky: Celestial
Horse: Equestrian
Man: Masculine
Woman: Feminine

9. English Colonies:
As Englishmen relocate to colonies around the world, they diffuse the English language.

10. English: an Official Language
Fig. 5-1: English is the official language in 42 countries, including some in which it is not the most widely spoken language. It is also used and understood in many others.

11. Question
What are the important stages of diffusion for the English Language?
Indo-European Hearth
German Invasion of the British Isles
Germanic Branch
Norman Invasion
English Colonies
English as an Official Language

12. Question How did the English Language Diffuse? A. Expansion Diffusion
B. Hierarchical Diffusion
C. Stimulus Diffusion
D. Contagious Diffusion
E. Relocation Diffusion

13. What Role Does English Play Today?
English is the Language of the Skies.
English is the Language of the Oceans.
English is the Language of the Internet.
English is the Language of Science.
English is the Language of International Business.