1. Case Study due FRIDAY
Reindeer Island?

2. Sustaining Biodiversity

3. Biodiversity
Biodiversity: The number and variety of species in an ecosystem.
variety of species = healthy ecosystem

4. Factors that Increase biodiversity
• Diverse habitat • Nutrients, Rain, Temperature • Survival of the Fittest, genetic variation

5. Factors that Decrease biodiversity
Environmental stress
Limitation of nutrients or habitat
Introduction of invasive species
Geographic isolation

6. Endangered and Threatened Species:
Endangered species - a species that is seriously at risk of extinction.
Over 16,000 species are considered endangered

7. Endangered and Threatened Species:
Threatened species - any species which are vulnerable to endangerment in the near future.
Figure 11-3

8. Global Extinction
Result from human activities.

9. SPECIES EXTINCTION
Some species are more prone because of what they do or where they live.

10. SPECIES EXTINCTION
Figure 11-5

11. Habitat Loss Indian Tiger Range 100 years ago Range today
Figure 11.8
Natural capital degradation: reductions in the ranges of four wildlife species, mostly as the result of habitat loss and hunting. What will happen to these and millions of other species when the world’s human population doubles and per capita resource consumption rises sharply in the next few decades? (Data from International Union for the Conservation of Nature and World Wildlife Fund)
Range 100 years ago
Range today
(about 2,300 left)
Fig. 11-8a, p. 230

12. Habitat Loss Black Rhino Range in 1700 Range today (about 3,600 left)
Figure 11.8
Natural capital degradation: reductions in the ranges of four wildlife species, mostly as the result of habitat loss and hunting. What will happen to these and millions of other species when the world’s human population doubles and per capita resource consumption rises sharply in the next few decades? (Data from International Union for the Conservation of Nature and World Wildlife Fund)
Range in 1700
Range today
(about 3,600 left)
Fig. 11-8b, p. 230

13. Habitat Loss African Elephant Probable range 1600 Range today
Figure 11.8
Natural capital degradation: reductions in the ranges of four wildlife species, mostly as the result of habitat loss and hunting. What will happen to these and millions of other species when the world’s human population doubles and per capita resource consumption rises sharply in the next few decades? (Data from International Union for the Conservation of Nature and World Wildlife Fund)
Probable range 1600
Range today
Fig. 11-8c, p. 230

14. Habitat Loss Asian or Indian Elephant Former range Range today
Figure 11.8
Natural capital degradation: reductions in the ranges of four wildlife species, mostly as the result of habitat loss and hunting. What will happen to these and millions of other species when the world’s human population doubles and per capita resource consumption rises sharply in the next few decades? (Data from International Union for the Conservation of Nature and World Wildlife Fund)
Former range
Range today
(34,000–54,000 left)
Fig. 11-8d, p. 230

15. Endangered or Extinct Species
Using the Symbaloo sites, find 3 endangered species and 2 extinct species. On a PowerPoint, answer these questions for each one:
Endangered
Extinct
Name
How many are left
The main cause of endangerment
2 pictures
Name
When did they go extinct (when were they last seen)
The main cause of extinction
2 pictures

17. INVASIVE SPECIES
An organism that is not native and has negative effects on our economy, our environment, or our health.
Example: Kudzu vine was introduced in the southeastern U.S. to control erosion.
Figure 11-A

18. INVASIVE SPECIES
Some invasive species were introduced intentionally.

19. INVASIVE SPECIES
But many invasive species have been introduced unintentionally.

20. INVASIVE SPECIES
Example: Argentina fire ant was introduced to Mobile, Alabama in 1932 from South America.
Most probably from ships.
No natural predators.
Figure 11-12

21. INVASIVE SPECIES
Prevention is the best way to reduce threats from invasive species, because once they arrive it is almost impossible to slow their spread.
Do not spread wild plants to other areas.
Do not dump the contents of an aquarium into waterways, wetlands, or storm drains.
When camping use wood near your campsite instead of bringing firewood from somewhere else.

22. Invasive Species in NC
Using the Symbaloo sites, find 1 invasive species for North Carolina, and another additional invasive species. On a PowerPoint, answer these questions for each one:
Additional Species:
North Carolina:
Name
Where the species comes from
Purpose of species
Intentional or unintentional?
2 pictures
Region the species is found in
Name of invasive species
Where the species comes from
Habitat and Growth of speiecs
2 pictures
Using the Symbaloo sites, find 2 ways to combat the spread of invasive species.

23. Invasive Species in NC

25. POPULATION GROWTH
In the year 1800, there were fewer than 1 billion people on earth, and today there are over 7 billion.
Increasing human populations have led to increasing threats to biodiversity.

26. POLLUTION
The discharge of toxic synthetic chemicals and heavy metals into the environment has a huge impact on species abundance, and can lead to extinctions.
It’s important to remember that substances that are “natural” can become pollution when they are too abundant in a certain area.
Example: nitrogen and phosphorous leading to algae blooms and dead zones

27. OVEREXPLOITATION
Some protected species are killed for their valuable parts
Killing predators and pests
Legal and illegal trade in wildlife species used as pets or for decorative purposes

28. NC Endangered Species Green Turtle Flying Squirrel
Red-Cockaded Woodpecker
Pitcher Plant
Atlantic Sturgeon
Red Wolf

29. Biodiversity Hotspots
Biodiversity hotspots in relation to the largest concentrations of rare and potentially endangered species in the U.S.

30. Efforts to Help Endangered Species Act Sanctuaries Promoting Habitats
Advocacy
Purchases

31. Promoting Habitats
Putting up bluebird boxes with holes too small for (nonnative) competitors in areas where trees have been cut down have helped reestablish populations.

32. Review Questions What are the 3 levels of biodiversity?
What are factors to increase biodiversity?
What can decrease biodiversity?
What does HIPPO stand for?
What are some ways to protect biodiversity?